{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:22:26Z","timestamp":1787584946984,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd016383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:28:21Z","timestamp":1787581701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education; Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hsuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care; College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Cochrane Taiwan; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Paulista de Medicina; Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp); Sao Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Centre of Health Technology Assessment; Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas; Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4800-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Shiung","family":"Horng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation; New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0864-4","article-title":"The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Fejer","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.01.019","article-title":"The epidemiology of neck pain","volume":"24","author":"Hoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m791","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m791","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990-2017: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"368","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003554","article-title":"Differences in the clinical presentation of chronic whiplash-associated disorders and nontraumatic neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0734","article-title":"US health care spending by payer and health condition, 1996-2016","volume":"323","author":"Dieleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(98)00268-1","article-title":"Cost-of-illness of neck pain in The Netherlands in 1996","volume":"80","author":"Borghouts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000001131","article-title":"Exploration of somatosensory function of patients with acute nonspecific neck pain, through quantitative sensory testing and self-reported symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Bontinck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3221","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain","volume":"358","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2025.0119","article-title":"Nonspecific neck pain","volume":"122","author":"El-Allawy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.12.025","article-title":"Prognosis of acute idiopathic neck pain is poor: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Hush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.013","article-title":"Compensation claim lodgement and health outcome developmental trajectories following whiplash injury: a prospective study","volume":"150","author":"Sterling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10289","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10289","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000002130","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0015|cit15","first-page":"92","article-title":"Central sensitization: when it is not \"all in your head\"","volume":"107","author":"Mohabbat","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.0610","article-title":"Central sensitization in musculoskeletal pain: lost in translation?","volume":"50","author":"Griensven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003461","article-title":"Trajectories of cold but not mechanical sensitivity correspond with disability trajectories after whiplash injury","volume":"166","author":"Farrell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.005","article-title":"Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury","volume":"114","author":"Sterling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.037","article-title":"Quantitative sensory measures distinguish office workers with varying levels of neck pain and disability","volume":"137","author":"Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pzab104","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab104","article-title":"Sensory, motor, and psychosocial characteristics of individuals with chronic neck pain: a case control study","volume":"101","author":"Da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.04.011","article-title":"Repositioning error, pressure pain threshold, catastrophizing and anxiety in adolescents with chronic idiopathic neck pain","volume":"30","author":"S\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.09.002","article-title":"Psychosocial, physical, and neurophysiological risk factors for chronic neck pain: a prospective inception cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000574","article-title":"Efficacy and safety outcome domains and outcome measures in systematic reviews of neuropathic pain conditions","volume":"34","author":"Dosenovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3109\/09638281003734342","article-title":"The association between cognitive factors, pain and disability in patients with idiopathic chronic neck pain","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4507","article-title":"Risk factors for persistent problems following acute whiplash injury: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Walton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e086683","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086683","article-title":"Development and internal validation of a multivariable prognostic model to predict chronic pain after a new episode of non-specific idiopathic, non-traumatic neck pain in physiotherapy primary care practice","volume":"14","author":"Verwoerd","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70168","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70168","article-title":"Physical and psychological predictors for persistent and recurrent non-specific neck pain: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain (London, England)"},{"issue":"S6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5433-8","article-title":"The Global Spine Care Initiative: applying evidence-based guidelines on the non-invasive management of back and neck pain to low- and middle-income communities","volume":"27","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a4173","article-title":"Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations","volume":"36","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26567","article-title":"Cervical spine findings on MRI in people with neck pain compared with pain-free controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.06.052","article-title":"Does overall cervical spine pathology relate to the clinical heterogeneity of chronic whiplash?","volume":"38","author":"Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2025.02.013","article-title":"ACR appropriateness criteria\u00ae acute spinal trauma: 2024 update","volume":"22","author":"Hassankhani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Radiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102664","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of 40 randomised controlled trials","volume":"55","author":"Zoete","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.06.019","article-title":"Is multimodal care effective for the management of patients with whiplash-associated disorders or neck pain and associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration","volume":"16","author":"Sutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370700100103","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: mechanisms, clinical application and evidence","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011927.pub2","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain","author":"Martimbianco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra2110098","article-title":"Cutaneous electroanalgesia for relief of chronic and neuropathic pain","volume":"389","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040378","article-title":"Resolving long-standing uncertainty about the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to relieve pain: a comprehensive review of factors influencing outcome","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","article-title":"Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"106","author":"Turk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0041|cit41","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Bro\u017cek J Guyatt G Oxman A Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). GRADE Working Group, 2013 Available from https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e051073","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051073","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for acute and chronic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 381 studies (the meta-TENS study)","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101332","article-title":"Using TENS for pain control: update on the state of the evidence","volume":"58","author":"Vance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-023-10121-7","article-title":"Systematic review to inform a World Health Organization (WHO) clinical practice guideline: benefits and harms of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic primary low back pain in adults","volume":"33","author":"Verville","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"S11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S240","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20543","article-title":"Measures of adult pain: visual analog scale for pain (VAS pain), numeric rating scale for pain (NRS pain), McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), chronic pain grade scale (CPGS), short form-36 bodily pain scale (SF-36 BPS), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP)","volume":"63","author":"Hawker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care & Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.05.007","article-title":"Minimum clinically important differences in chronic pain vary considerably by baseline pain and methodological factors: systematic review of empirical studies","volume":"101","author":"Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernon H Mior S Neck Disability Index (NDI) [Database record] APA PsycTests 1991 10.1037\/t35122-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t35122-000"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.5.469","article-title":"The Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, devised to measure neck pain and disability","volume":"33","author":"Leak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36)","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol \u2014 a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"EuroQol Group","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2003.11.003","article-title":"Assessing the clinical significance of change scores recorded on subjective outcome measures","volume":"27","author":"Hurst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0052|cit52","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S Featherstone R Littlewood A Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies (last updated March 2025). In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5.1. Cochrane, 2025 Available from https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0053|cit53","unstructured":"Wilkinson J Heal C Flemyng E Antoniou GA Aburrow T Alfirevic Z INSPECT-SR: a tool for assessing trustworthiness of randomised controlled trials medRxiv [Preprint] 10.1101\/2025.09.03.25334905"},{"issue":"jul21 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints","volume":"25","author":"Harbord","year":"2005","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0059|cit59","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan) The Cochrane Collaboration 2026"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0061|cit61","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JP Altman DG McKenzie JE Veroniki AA Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses (last updated November 2024). In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.ad","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0063|cit63","unstructured":"Page MJ Higgins JP Sterne JAC Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing evidence in a meta-analysis (last updated August 2024). In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0064|cit64","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) 2026"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0065|cit65","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Higgins JP Vist GE Glasziou P Akl EA Skoetz N Chapter 14: Completing \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence (last updated August 2023). In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016383-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005","article-title":"Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health","volume":"67","author":"O'Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:28:24Z","timestamp":1787581704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD016383"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Central Editorial Service","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd016383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}