{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:54:56Z","timestamp":1778316896468,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]],"date-time":"2016-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) Marine Mammal Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Behavioral response studies provide significant insights into the nature, magnitude, and consequences of changes in animal behavior in response to some external stimulus. Controlled exposure experiments (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CEE<\/jats:styled-content>s) to study behavioral response have faced challenges in quantifying the importance of and interaction among individual variability, exposure conditions, and environmental covariates. To investigate these complex parameters relative to blue whale behavior and how it may change as a function of certain sounds, we deployed multi\u2010sensor acoustic tags and conducted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CEE<\/jats:styled-content>s using simulated mid\u2010frequency active sonar (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFAS<\/jats:styled-content>) and pseudo\u2010random noise (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRN<\/jats:styled-content>) stimuli, while collecting synoptic, quantitative prey measures. In contrast to previous approaches that lacked such prey data, our integrated approach explained substantially more variance in blue whale dive behavioral responses to mid\u2010frequency sounds (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2\u00a0<\/jats:sup>=\u00a00.725 vs. 0.14 previously). Results demonstrate that deep\u2010feeding whales respond more clearly and strongly to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CEE<\/jats:styled-content>s than those in other behavioral states, but this was only evident with the increased explanatory power provided by incorporating prey density and distribution as contextual covariates. Including contextual variables increases the ability to characterize behavioral variability and empirically strengthens previous findings that deep\u2010feeding blue whales respond significantly to mid\u2010frequency sound exposure. However, our results are only based on a single behavioral state with a limited sample size, and this analytical framework should be applied broadly across behavioral states. The increased capability to describe and account for individual response variability by including environmental variables, such as prey, that drive foraging behavior underscores the importance of integrating these and other relevant contextual parameters in experimental designs. Our results suggest the need to measure and account for the ecological dynamics of predator\u2013prey interactions when studying the effects of anthropogenic disturbance in feeding animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/15-0783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1456474726000},"page":"1075-1085","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prey\u2010mediated behavioral responses of feeding blue whales in controlled sound exposure experiments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"A. S.","family":"Friedlaender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Marine Mammal Institute Hatfield Marine Science Center Oregon State University  2030 Marine Science Drive Newport Oregon 97365 USA"},{"name":"Southall Environmental Associates  9099 Soquel Drive Suite 8 Aptos California 95003 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. L.","family":"Hazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA SWFSC Environmental Research Division  99 Pacific St Suite 255A Monterey California 93940 USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology UC Santa Cruz  100 Shaffer Rd. Santa Cruz California 95060 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Goldbogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University  Pacific Grove California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Stimpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratory  Moss Landing California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Calambokidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cascadia Research Collective  Olympia Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0L.","family":"Southall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southall Environmental Associates  9099 Soquel Drive Suite 8 Aptos California 95003 USA"},{"name":"Long Marine Laboratory Institute of Marine Science UC Santa Cruz  Santa Cruz California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0990-7440(00)00139-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps289117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.35.4.2009.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Passive acoustic measurement of dive vocal behavior and group size of Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) in the Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO)","volume":"36","author":"DiMarzio N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canadian Acoustics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2011.01803.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"An experimental analysis of the parameters of bird song eliciting species recognition","volume":"41","author":"Emlen S. 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