{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:46:11Z","timestamp":1792057571916,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although prior reports suggest sickle cell disease (SCD) as a risk factor for lead poisoning, this association remains understudied. This paper assesses the relationship between SCD and elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in New York City children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective matched cohort study of children born in NYC from 2004 to 2016 and tested for BLLs from 2004 to 2022. Children with SCD were matched 1:2 to children without SCD based on maternal race and country of birth. Firth penalized\u2010likelihood logistic regression estimated associations between SCD and BLLs \u22653.5, \u22655, \u226510, and \u226515\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL, adjusting for Medicaid status, housing age, and maternal race. Additional analyses evaluated effect modification by age and SCD genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort included 1463 children with SCD and 2982 without SCD. SCD was associated with lower odds of BLLs \u22653.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL (odds ratio [OR] 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66\u20130.99), no difference at \u22655\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL (OR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.66\u20131.10), and higher odds at \u226510\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL (OR 1.82; 95% CI: 1.06\u20133.13), with a similar estimate at \u226515\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL (OR 2.23; 95% CI: 0.98\u20135.07). The SCD\u2010by\u2010age interaction was significant at \u226510\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL (OR 4.47; 95% CI: 1.41\u201315.50), and children with HbSS had significantly higher odds of BLLs \u226510\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL and BLLs \u226515\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL than children without SCD (OR 2.25 and 2.98, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with SCD have increased odds of elevated BLLs at higher thresholds, especially those aged \u22653\u00a0years and those with HbSS. Targeted rescreening of these children warrants consideration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/1545-5017.70679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:59:11Z","timestamp":1792054751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children With Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0515-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryce","family":"Demopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Seifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavenka","family":"Sedlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016\u20101493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"E205","article-title":"Relationship Between Lead Exposure and Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"57","author":"Fenga C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9020023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/intox\u20102015\u20100009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7043a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2402527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992287401300606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880010211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.4.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103476(74)80111\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024\u2010067808G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)61029\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.3518"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"\u201cLead Paint & Dust: LeadFreeNYC \u201dCity of New York 2026."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)30193\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565\u2010199204000\u201000007"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Evaluation of Anemia in Children","volume":"81","author":"Janus J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"2024 Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care (Periodicity Schedule)","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health \u201cChildhood Lead Poisoning Prevention \u201dNew York State Department of Health 2023."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Blood &amp; Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/1545-5017.70679","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/1545-5017.70679","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/1545-5017.70679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:59:15Z","timestamp":1792054755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/1545-5017.70679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/1545-5017.70679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1545-5017.70679","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5009","1545-5017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5009","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-5017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70679"}}