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Due to its role in limiting the hypersensitive response, research on the molecular mechanisms of autophagic signalling pathways in plant\u2013microbe interactions has primarily focused on plant\u2013pathogen responses. Although there is substantially less information on the role of autophagy signalling in symbiotic plant\u2013microbe interactions, there is accumulating evidence that it is also a key regulator of mutualistic plant\u2013microbe interactions. Here, we review recent progress on the roles of autophagy in symbiotic plant interactions and discuss potential future research directions. Once understood, the central role that autophagy plays within pathogenic and symbiotic plant\u2013microbe interactions has significant potential application for crop improvement. Manipulating autophagy in legume crops could help support crop growth with reduced levels of fertiliser application while maintaining yields with increased protein content in the harvest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.15062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T06:59:32Z","timestamp":1732517972000},"page":"645-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u2018Friend versus foe\u2019\u2014does autophagy help regulate symbiotic plant\u2013microbe interactions and can it be manipulated to improve legume cultivation?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"599","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nipuni","family":"Thanthrige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland  Brisbane 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