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Regulation of their use in consumer products has largely been guided by male reproductive outcomes. However, as evidenced in rodent models, extended contact with phthalates also affects ovarian function. Data from human ovarian samples, ovary\u2010derived cell lines, and epidemiological studies of infertile patient cohorts have demonstrated adverse associations between phthalate\u2010related chemical burden and female fertility. Due to the sustained use of phthalate\u2010containing products, women may experience earlier fertility decline. These outcomes can be linked to molecular disturbances in ovarian follicles, where phthalate metabolites are frequently detected. This review synthesizes current human evidence on phthalate impacts on the ovary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:55:12Z","timestamp":1780984512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The ovarian cost of convenience\u2014Human studies on phthalate exposure and ovarian function"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Mayara Cristina","family":"Batista da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology  Tallinn Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katariina Johanna","family":"Saretok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology  Tallinn Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Varik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology  Tallinn Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thor Tristan","family":"Karafin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology  Tallinn Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airi","family":"Rump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology  Tallinn Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1927-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agne","family":"Velthut\u2010Meikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of 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