{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:22:20Z","timestamp":1787750540616,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101162812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101162812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Letters"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peptides and antibodies occupy complementary therapeutic niches. Peptides offer compact size and high\u2010affinity recognition of difficult targets, whereas antibodies provide exquisite specificity, long serum half\u2010life, and effector functions. Here we review strategies that merge these modalities by engineering peptides into immunoglobulins and antibody fragments. We discuss peptide grafting into hypervariable and framework loops, terminal fusion to antibody chains, Fc\u2010peptide fusion proteins, and bioconjugation approaches. Across these formats, we examine examples that illustrate the importance of insertion site, peptide topology, and linker design for folding, activity, and developability. We highlight how antibody fusion and conjugation with natural and engineered peptides can confer novel target binding, conditional activation, altered biodistribution, improved pharmacokinetics, or intracellular delivery, and we discuss how disulfide\u2010rich and macrocyclic peptides have enriched the design space. Finally, we also point out key translational challenges, including manufacturability, stability, heterogeneity, and immunogenicity, and propose that advances in protein design and chemical bioconjugation will enable next\u2010generation therapeutics at the interface of antibodies and peptides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:52:43Z","timestamp":1787748763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering peptides into antibodies\u2014opportunities and strategies for therapeutic innovation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jinling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopharmaceutical Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruslana","family":"Romaniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopharmaceutical Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo L.","family":"Svilenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopharmaceutical Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2026.2614669","article-title":"Antibodies to watch in 2026","volume":"18","author":"Crescioli S","year":"2026","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00135-8","article-title":"Trends in peptide drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"Muttenthaler M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300256","article-title":"Advances in biosynthesis of peptide drugs: technology and industrialization","volume":"19","author":"Wang J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.10.007","article-title":"Exploiting natural peptide diversity: novel research tools and drug leads","volume":"15","author":"Adermann K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-019-0159-2","article-title":"Methods for generating and screening libraries of genetically encoded cyclic peptides in drug discovery","volume":"4","author":"Sohrabi C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104300","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in peptide\u2010based drug design","volume":"30","author":"Zhai S","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.682675","article-title":"Rational Design of Peptide\u2010Based Inhibitors Disrupting Protein\u2010Protein Interactions","volume":"9","author":"Wang X","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.12.084","article-title":"Peptide\u2010based inhibitors of protein\u2013protein interactions","volume":"26","author":"W\u00f3jcik P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.10.011","article-title":"Wandering beyond small molecules: peptides as allosteric protein modulators","volume":"43","author":"Mannes M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108797","article-title":"Conformationally adaptive therapeutic peptides for diseases caused by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). 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