{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T11:15:45Z","timestamp":1788002145607,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC Advanced grant TOLERANCE no. 101019807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC Advanced grant TOLERANCE no. 101019807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001674","name":"Fondation Leducq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vici 09150182410037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vici 09150182410037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Vici grant no. 91818622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vici grant no. 91818622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Letters"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although chronic psychosocial stress is a well\u2010established independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the underlying mechanisms linking stress to CVD remain incompletely understood. Here, we review clinical and preclinical research documenting how stress can activate innate immune cells. Based on these findings, we propose that trained innate immunity is one possible mechanism responsible for the lasting effects of stress on the innate immune system, and hence contributes to the association between stress and CVD. Trained immunity is defined as a persistent hyperinflammatory phenotype in innate immune cells, mediated by metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of the bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells. As we describe herein, accumulating experimental evidence shows that chronic psychosocial stress can induce a maladaptive trained immunity program that accelerates atherosclerosis. By advancing our understanding of stress\u2010induced trained immunity, we will move one step closer to designing new therapeutic, behavioral, and lifestyle strategies to counter maladaptive immune activation and reduce risk for CVD, one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:16:32Z","timestamp":1787998592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stress\u2010induced trained immunity\u2014A key mechanism linking psychosocial stress, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Dineke C.W.","family":"Touw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saloua","family":"El Messaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem J.M.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Slavich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior University of California  Irvine CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels P.","family":"Riksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.120.010931","article-title":"Disentangling the links between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Osborne MT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01024-y","article-title":"Stress and cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"21","author":"Vaccarino V","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07166-8","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis: pathophysiology and mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Ajoolabady A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case\u2010control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17019-0","article-title":"Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case\u2010control study","volume":"364","author":"Rosengren A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009700","article-title":"Psychosocial stressors at work and coronary heart disease risk in men and women: 18\u2010year prospective cohort study of combined exposures","volume":"16","author":"Lavigne\u2010Robichaud M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","article-title":"Psychological stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a case\u2010control study","volume":"12","author":"Satyjeet F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.189","article-title":"Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2530","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease: state of the science, knowledge gaps, and research opportunities","volume":"6","author":"O'Donnell CJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.031","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for coronary heart disease: a meta\u2010analytic review","volume":"166","author":"Edmondson D","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1255","article-title":"Stress related disorders and risk of cardiovascular disease: population based, sibling controlled cohort study","volume":"365","author":"Song H","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143610","article-title":"Risk of stroke among patients with post\u2010traumatic stress disorder: nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"206","author":"Chen MH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C\u2010reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker PM","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq238","article-title":"C\u2010reactive protein is a mediator of cardiovascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Bisoendial RJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker PM","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf210","article-title":"Colchicine for secondary prevention of vascular events: a meta\u2010analysis of trials","volume":"46","author":"d'Entremont MA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf174","article-title":"Long\u2010term trials of colchicine for secondary prevention of vascular events: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"46","author":"Samuel M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00584-1","article-title":"How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"22","author":"Roy P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Moore KJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01037-7","article-title":"Efferocytosis in atherosclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Adkar SS","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.209296","article-title":"High neutrophil numbers in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with characteristics of rupture\u2010prone lesions","volume":"30","author":"Ionita MG","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.257535","article-title":"Multiple roles for neutrophils in atherosclerosis","volume":"110","author":"Soehnlein O","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.019","article-title":"Innate immune cell activation and epigenetic remodeling in symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerosis in humans in vivo","volume":"254","author":"Bekkering S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150900","article-title":"The glycolytic enzyme PKM2 bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in coronary artery disease","volume":"213","author":"Shirai T","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","article-title":"Reprogramming of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells in patients with severe coronary artery disease","volume":"9","author":"Noz MP","year":"2020","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf982","article-title":"Trained immunity in cardiovascular disease","volume":"47","author":"Riksen NP","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense","volume":"9","author":"Netea MG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette\u2010Guerin induces NOD2\u2010dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: a program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea MG","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00894-y","article-title":"Trained immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Riksen NP","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887","article-title":"Oxidized low\u2010density lipoprotein induces long\u2010term proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bekkering S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315800","article-title":"Catecholamines induce trained immunity in monocytes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"127","author":"Heijden C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea MG","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01015-8","article-title":"Metabolic regulation in the induction of trained immunity","volume":"46","author":"Ferreira AV","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.03.048","article-title":"Long\u2010term histone lactylation connects metabolic and epigenetic rewiring in innate immune memory","volume":"188","author":"Ziogas A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500802R","article-title":"Trained immunity induced by oxidized low\u2010density lipoprotein is dependent on Glutaminolysis","volume":"39","author":"Scarpa A","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.07.006","article-title":"OxLDL\u2010mediated immunologic memory in endothelial cells","volume":"146","author":"Sohrabi Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MO00136F","article-title":"Cytokine\u2010induced memory\u2010like responses in endothelial cells link chronic inflammation to vascular disease risk","volume":"21","author":"Le KTT","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Omics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170355","article-title":"The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation","volume":"214","author":"Patel AA","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.021","article-title":"BCG vaccination alters the epigenetic landscape of progenitor cells in human bone marrow to influence innate immune responses","volume":"57","author":"Sun SJ","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adz6830","article-title":"Distinctive DNA sequence features define epigenetic longevity of inflammatory memory","volume":"391","author":"Cowley CJ","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.10.008","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia links hematopoiesis with atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Soehnlein O","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03476-5","article-title":"Smoking cessation reduces systemic inflammation and circulating endothelin\u20101","volume":"11","author":"Derella CC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108365","article-title":"Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer","volume":"787","author":"Caliri AW","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","article-title":"Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies","volume":"8","author":"Li X","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.03.005","article-title":"Inflammaging: mechanisms and role in the cardiac and vasculature","volume":"34","author":"Ajoolabady A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","first-page":"519","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health","author":"Slavich GM","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07693-6","article-title":"Alternating high\u2010fat diet enhances atherosclerosis by neutrophil reprogramming","volume":"634","author":"Lavillegrand J\u2010R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.013","article-title":"Western Diet Triggers NLRP3\u2010Dependent Innate Immune Reprogramming","volume":"172","author":"Christ A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046464","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces trained immunity in macrophages and their precursors and promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Edgar L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.014","article-title":"Treatment with statins does not revert trained immunity in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"30","author":"Bekkering S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1997.0290","article-title":"The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and a Th1\u2010like response in stress\u2010induced anxiety","volume":"10","author":"Maes M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001367","article-title":"Inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to active and passive acute psychological stress","volume":"87","author":"Linsley VG","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2003.00026.x","article-title":"The role of the cytokine network in psychological stress","volume":"15","author":"Kim YK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109595","article-title":"Chronic stress primes innate immune responses in mice and humans","volume":"36","author":"Barrett TJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2025.107498","article-title":"Spousal bereavement enhances proinflammatory cytokine production to acute, psychological stress","volume":"178","author":"Wu\u2010Chung EL","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188108","article-title":"Impact of chronic and acute academic stress on lymphocyte subsets and monocyte function","volume":"12","author":"Maydych V","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614556320","article-title":"Targeted rejection predicts decreased anti\u2010inflammatory gene expression and increased symptom severity in youth with asthma","volume":"26","author":"Murphy ML","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702612455743","article-title":"Targeted rejection triggers differential pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory gene expression in adolescents as a function of social status","volume":"1","author":"Murphy ML","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/lim2.75","article-title":"Human social genomics: concepts, mechanisms, and implications for health","volume":"4","author":"Slavich GM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lifestyle Med (Hoboken)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14817","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009164107","article-title":"Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress","volume":"107","author":"Slavich GM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3589","article-title":"Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Heidt T","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-07015-2","article-title":"Circulating myeloid\u2010derived MMP8 in stress susceptibility and depression","volume":"626","author":"Cathomas F","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae149","article-title":"Cortico\u2010limbic interactions and carotid atherosclerotic burden during chronic stress exposure","volume":"45","author":"Gharios C","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00309-0","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in post\u2010traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta\u2010analysis, and meta\u2010regression","volume":"2","author":"Passos IC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.01.006","article-title":"PTSD increases risk for major adverse cardiovascular events through neural and cardio\u2010inflammatory pathways","volume":"117","author":"Seligowski AV","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31714-7","article-title":"Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort study","volume":"389","author":"Tawakol A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.06.019","article-title":"Psychological stress is associated with arterial inflammation in people living with treated HIV infection","volume":"113","author":"Chow FC","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1095","article-title":"Stress\u2010associated neurobiological activity is linked with acute plaque instability via enhanced macrophage activity: a prospective serial 18F\u2010FDG\u2010PET\/CT imaging assessment","volume":"42","author":"Kang DO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress\u2010induced immune dysfunction: implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.010","article-title":"Mental health during the COVID\u201019 pandemic and beyond: the importance of the vagus nerve for biopsychosocial resilience","volume":"125","author":"Dedoncker J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Chu B","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76.s2.05","article-title":"Vagal tone and the inflammatory reflex","volume":"76","author":"Thayer JF","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Cain DW","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02611.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on macrophage function dependent on their concentration","volume":"122","author":"Lim HY","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.07.008","article-title":"Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. Coli lipopolysaccharide","volume":"24","author":"Frank MG","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200910000-00008","article-title":"Pretreatment with stress cortisol enhances the human systemic inflammatory response to bacterial endotoxin","volume":"37","author":"Yeager MP","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.01.003","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Padro CJ","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(83)90233-2","article-title":"\u03b12\u2010adrenergic receptors in human polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes","volume":"32","author":"Panosian JO","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0339OC","article-title":"Norepinephrine dysregulates the immune response and compromises host defense during sepsis","volume":"202","author":"Stolk RF","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1509","article-title":"Catecholaminergic neurotransmitters regulate migration and repopulation of immature human CD34+ cells through Wnt signaling","volume":"8","author":"Spiegel A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00729-2","article-title":"Central regulation of stress\u2010evoked peripheral immune responses","volume":"24","author":"Chan KL","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100838","article-title":"Physical restraint mouse models to assess immune responses under stress with or without habituation","volume":"2","author":"Ding JX","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04890-z","article-title":"Brain motor and fear circuits regulate leukocytes during acute stress","volume":"607","author":"Poller WC","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.09.018","article-title":"Vasopressin drives aberrant myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, contributing to depression in mice","volume":"31","author":"Mou R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0948-2","article-title":"Sleep modulates haematopoiesis and protects against atherosclerosis","volume":"566","author":"McAlpine CS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310655110","article-title":"Social stress up\u2010regulates inflammatory gene expression in the leukocyte transcriptome via beta\u2010adrenergic induction of myelopoiesis","volume":"110","author":"Powell ND","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","article-title":"Stress drives myelopoiesis to impair atherosclerosis resolution","author":"Fisher E","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.5.475","article-title":"Stress and myocardial infarction","volume":"89","author":"Chi JS","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1552","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality in Dutch men during 1996 European football championship: longitudinal population study","volume":"321","author":"Witte DR","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab371","article-title":"Acute mental stress drives vascular inflammation and promotes plaque destabilization in mouse atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Hinterdobler J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03344-y","article-title":"NLRP3\u2010mediated trained immunity of microglia is involved in the recurrence\u2010like episode of depressive disorders","volume":"31","author":"Xu G","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01379-7","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolic reprogramming mediates microglia\u2010induced chronic neuroinflammation and hinders neurorestoration following stroke","volume":"7","author":"Zhao Q","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0633-x","article-title":"Exercise reduces inflammatory cell production and cardiovascular inflammation via instruction of hematopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"25","author":"Frodermann V","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220081","article-title":"Sleep exerts lasting effects on hematopoietic stem cell function and diversity","volume":"219","author":"McAlpine CS","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67139-5","article-title":"Phaeochromocytoma","volume":"366","author":"Lenders JW","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB1220-846R","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of progesterone on oxLDL\u2010induced trained immunity in monocytes","volume":"112","author":"Groh LA","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0025-4","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of\u00a0trained immunity","volume":"18","author":"Mulder WJM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"}],"container-title":["FEBS Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:16:43Z","timestamp":1787998603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/1873-3468.70447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-5793","1873-3468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-5793","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-3468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1873-3468.70447"}}