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Whereas no significant changes were observed for B\u2010cell and natural killer (NK)\u2010cell subsets, metastatic lymph nodes had a significantly increased frequency of CD8 T cells and a skewing toward an effector\/memory phenotype of CD4 and CD8 T cells, suggesting an ongoing immune response. Additionally, metastatic lymph nodes had an increased frequency of TIGIT (T\u2010cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains)\u2010positive T cells with suppressed TCR signaling compared with non\u2010metastatic nodes, indicating exhaustion of effector T cells, and an increased frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) with an activated phenotype. T\u2010cell alterations correlated with the percentage of metastatic tumor cells, reflecting the presence of metastatic tumor cells driving T effector cells toward exhaustion and promoting immunosuppression by recruitment or increased differentiation toward Tregs. These results show that immune suppression occurs already in early stages of tumor progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1624526071000},"page":"88-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Breast cancer metastasis: immune profiling of lymph nodes reveals exhaustion of effector T cells and immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga Hansine","family":"Rye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Genetics Institute for Cancer Research Division of Cancer Medicine Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet Oslo 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