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Although, currently, at least seven viruses are being recognized as human carcinogens, only three of these \u2013 Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) \u2013 have been described, with varying levels of evidence, in CRC. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with CRC in some publications, albeit not being a fully acknowledged oncovirus. Moreover, recent microbiome studies set increasing grounds for new hypotheses on bacteriophages as interesting additional modulators in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. The present Review summarizes how particular groups of viruses, including bacteriophages, affect cells and the cellular and microbial microenvironment, thereby putatively contributing to foster CRC. This could be achieved, for example, by promoting several processes \u2013 such as DNA damage, chromosomal instability, or molecular aspects of cell proliferation, CRC progression and metastasis \u2013 not necessarily by direct infection of epithelial cells only, but also by interaction with the microenvironment of infected cells. In this context, there are striking common features of EBV, CMV, HPV and JCV that are able to promote oncogenesis, in terms of establishing latent infections and affecting p53\u2010\/pRb\u2010driven, epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT)\u2010\/EGFR\u2010associated and especially Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin\u2010driven pathways. We speculate that, at least in part, such viral impacts on particular pathways might be reflected in lasting (e.g. mutational or further genomic) fingerprints of viruses in cells. Also, the complex interplay between several species within the intestinal microbiome, involving a direct or indirect impact on colorectal and microenvironmental cells but also between, for example, phages and bacterial and viral pathogens, and further novel species certainly might, in part, explain ongoing difficulties to establish unequivocal monocausal links between specific viral infections and CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T02:03:15Z","timestamp":1631498595000},"page":"1423-1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Viruses in colorectal cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Marongiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Surgery \u2013 Cancer Metastasis Medical Faculty Mannheim Ruprecht\u2010Karls\u2010University of 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