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Cancer\u2013testis antigens (CTAs) are targets of humoral and cellular immune reactions. We aimed to characterize CTA expression in non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the context of the immune microenvironment. Of 90 CTAs validated by RNA sequencing, eight CTAs (DPEP3, EZHIP, MAGEA4, MAGEB2, MAGEC2, PAGE1, PRAME, and TKTL1) were selected for immunohistochemical profiling in cancer tissues from 328 NSCLC patients. CTA expression was compared with immune cell densities in the tumor environment and with genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical data. Most NSCLC cases (79%) expressed at least one of the analyzed CTAs, and CTA protein expression correlated generally with RNA expression. CTA profiles were associated with immune profiles: high MAGEA4 expression was related to M2 macrophages (CD163) and regulatory T cells (FOXP3), low MAGEA4 was associated with T cells (CD3), and high EZHIP was associated with plasma cell infiltration (adj.\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010value &lt;\u20090.05). None of the CTAs correlated with clinical outcomes. The current study provides a comprehensive evaluation of CTAs and suggests that their association with immune cells may indicate\n                    <jats:italic>in\u2009situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunogenic effects. The findings support the rationale to harness CTAs as targets for immunotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1687325936000},"page":"2603-2617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Expression of cancer\u2013testis antigens in the immune microenvironment of non\u2010small cell lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feria","family":"Hikmet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory Uppsala University  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