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In this study, a nanosystem formulation (\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) encapsulating\n TNBC<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010targeted aptamer\u2010bound\u2010\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n protein was performed and the efficacy of this system was evaluated in a mouse tumor model. The characterization of\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was confirmed by\n FTIR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n NTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SEM<\/jats:styled-content>\n microscopy. The efficacy of\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was evaluated by\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n release assays and interactions with\n TNBC<\/jats:styled-content>\n cells (\n MDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n MB<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010231) and healthy breast cells (\n MCF\u201010A<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was administered intravenously to\n NOD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n SCID<\/jats:styled-content>\n gamma mouse breast tumors and evaluated\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n . Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability testing, histological staining (\n DR4<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n DR5<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n HE<\/jats:styled-content>\n staining) and molecular alterations with\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n array were evaluated in tumor tissues.\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n induced apoptosis in both\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n studies. It was found that it regulated cellular responses along with apoptotic mechanisms in cells without developing resistance in suppressing tumor growth by making changes on Atf2, Casp8, Bcl2 and Irf5 genes and proteins. As a result, the biotechnological drug potential of\n TRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n was discovered in an aptamer\u2010bound nanosystem for the treatment of triple\u2010negative breast cancer and innovative applications for clinical use.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T05:25:21Z","timestamp":1770614721000},"page":"1742-1761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["TRAIL<\/scp>\n \u2010\n PEG<\/scp>\n \u2010Apt\u2010\n PLGA<\/scp>\n nanosystem as an aptamer\u2010targeted drug delivery system potential for triple\u2010negative breast cancer therapy using\n in vivo<\/i>\n mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gulen Melike","family":"Demirbolat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar 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