{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:42:00Z","timestamp":1791114120547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,7]],"date-time":"1998-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1071,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consumption of corn or corn\u2010based products contaminated with <jats:italic>Fusarium moniliforme<\/jats:italic>\/fumonisins has been associated with a variety of animal and human diseases and is a major food\/feed safety issue. This study focused on the clinical toxicity and performance parameters in growing swing exposed to low to moderate levels of pure fumonisin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) for 8 weeks. Male (castrated) and female pigs were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/kg diet (ppm). Weight gains and feed consumption were measured weekly. Blood samples were collected throughout the study, and various clinical and hematological parameters were measured. Because fumonisins are potent inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis, sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were determined in the liver, lung, and kidney. Organ weights and carcass quality were measured at the end of the trial.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In general, male pigs were more adversely affected by FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> in the diet than females. The average daily gain for males decreased by 8% for pigs fed 1.0 ppm and by 11% at 10.0 ppm, when compared to the control (0 ppm). Males fed 0.1 ppm showed an erratic growth pattern during the first 5 weeks of the experiment. Feed consumption for the same animals was somewhat higher than that of the controls during each of the first 4 weeks but thereafter was 6\u20137% lower each week as compared to controls. Female pigs fed FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010diets showed a general enhancement of feed consumption until week 4. Among clinical chemistry parameters, cholesterol increased in males for the 1.0 and 10.0 ppm diets as compared to controls after 2 weeks, while the levels in both sexes were elevated for the 1.0 ppm diet only by the end of the experiment. Serum liver enzyme concentrations were altered during week 2 only. Changes were observed in the weight of the pancreas and adrenals for male pigs fed FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> diets as compared to controls. The free sphinganine to free sphingosine ratio (biomarker of exposure in FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010consuming animals) increased in all three organs for the 10 ppm diet, regardless of sex. The study indicated that FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> can cause different effects at each dose level, at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm (showing erratic growth) followed by a reduced growth and biochemical abnormalities in blood (1.0 ppm) and sphingolipid alterations in tissues (10.0 ppm). Some of these effects occurred below the exposure level that caused alteration in sphingolipid metabolism. c\u030a 1996 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/19960401nt6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T16:07:16Z","timestamp":1277222836000},"page":"42-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Response of growing swine to dietary exposure to pure fumonisin B<sub>1<\/sub> during an eight\u2010week period: Growth and clinical parameters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Rotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan B.","family":"Prelusky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Locksley","family":"Trenholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc E.","family":"Savard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Canadian Council of Animal Care(1980):Canadian Council on Animal Care: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Vol 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00040a018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"531","volume-title":"\u201cMolecular Cell Biology.\u201d","author":"Darnell J","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas92-082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(92)90183-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.5451067x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00497283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"Pure fumonisin B1, as well as fumonisin\u2010contaminated feed, alters swine serum and tissue sphinganine and sphingosine levels, biomarkers of exposure.","volume":"13","author":"Haschek WM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"IARC","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"\u201cSchalm's Veterinary Hematology,\u201d","author":"Jain NC","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(87)90092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Leucoencephalomalacia in two horses induced by oral dosing with fumonisin B1.","volume":"57","author":"Kellerman TS","year":"1990","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Kuiper\u2010GoodmanT ScottPM McEwenNP LombaertGA andNgW(1995):Approaches to the risk assessment of fumonisins in corn based foods in Canada. ACS Symposium on Fumonisins in Food April 2\u20137 1995 Anaheim CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Fusarium moniliforme contamination of maize in oesophageal cancer areas in Transkei","volume":"74","author":"Marasas WFO","year":"1988","journal-title":"S A Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(88)90500-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00768840","article-title":"Cell regulation by sphingosine and more complex sphingolipids.","volume":"23","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bioenerg Biomemb"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Fumonisins and other inhibitors of the de Novo sphingolipid biosynthesis","volume":"26","author":"Merrill AH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Lipid Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020603","article-title":"Production and purification of fumonisins from a stirred jar fermentor.","volume":"2","author":"Miller JD","year":"1995","journal-title":"Natural Toxins"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Mycotoxin production by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum from Ontario and occurrence of fumonisin in the 1993 corn crop","volume":"17","author":"Miller JD","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Plant Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01371170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00026a024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"\u201cNutrient requirements of swine\u201d","author":"National Research Council","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.31.090193.001313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.712459x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588602300312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00020a012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PreluskyDB MillerJD TrenholmHL(1996):Disposition of14C\u2010derived residues in tissues of pigs fed radiolabelled fumonisin B1. Food Addit Contam (in press).","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039609374393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0710104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-82-353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.4.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/77.2.533","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic determination of sphinganine and sphingosine: use of the free sphinganine\u2010to\u2010sphingosine ratio as a biomarker for consumption of fumonisins.","volume":"77","author":"Riley RT","year":"1994","journal-title":"J AOAC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas92-012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07060669309500821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"\u201cStatistical Methods,\u201d","author":"Snedecor GW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00091a064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00011a028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"645","article-title":"Assessment of extraction procedures in the analysis of naturally contaminated grain products for deoxynivalenol.","volume":"68","author":"Trenholm HL","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Assoc Off Anal Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00002a026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03192229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"837","volume-title":"\u201cCereal Science and Technology: Impact on a Changing Africa.\u201d","author":"Viljoen JH","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620010404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1995.1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98712-0","article-title":"Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins: implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme.","volume":"266","author":"Wang E","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.8.1706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"A herd outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia.","volume":"84","author":"Wilkins PA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90090-F"}],"container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F19960401NT6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/19960401NT6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T19:02:20Z","timestamp":1698346940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/19960401NT6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/19960401NT6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/19960401nt6","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-9014","1522-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-9014","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,1]]}}}