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However, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude and time course of the C sink. Revealing the intrinsic relationship between forest age and C sink is crucial for reducing uncertainties in prediction of forest C sink potential. In this study, we developed a stepwise data assimilation approach to combine a process\u2010based Terrestrial ECOsystem Regional model, observations from multiple sources, and stochastic sampling to inversely estimate carbon cycle parameters including carbon sink at different forest ages for evergreen needle\u2010leaved forests in China. The new approach is effective to estimate age\u2010dependent parameter of maximal light\u2010use efficiency (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.99) and, accordingly, can quantify a relationship between forest age and the vegetation and soil C sinks. The estimated ecosystem C sink increases rapidly with age, peaks at 0.451\u2009kg\u2009C\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u2009yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at age 22\u2009years (ranging from 0.421 to 0.465\u2009kg\u2009C\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u2009yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and gradually decreases thereafter. The dynamic patterns of C sinks in vegetation and soil are significantly different. C sink in vegetation first increases rapidly with age and then decreases. C sink in soil, however, increases continuously with age; it acts as a C source when the age is less than 20\u2009years, after which it acts as a sink. For the evergreen needle\u2010leaved forest, the highest C sink efficiency (i.e., C sink per unit net primary productivity) is approximately 60%, with age between 11 and 43\u2009years. Overall, the inverse estimation of carbon cycle parameters can make reasonable estimates of age\u2010dependent C sequestration in forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2015jg002943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,10]],"date-time":"2015-11-10T12:00:39Z","timestamp":1447156839000},"page":"2473-2492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Age\u2010dependent forest carbon sink: Estimation via inverse modeling"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gensuo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjiu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology University of Oklahoma  Norman Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/22.2-3.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/BT07151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GB001860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/506153a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2003.0742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60213-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB003033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13731"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97397"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0889.2003.00036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"China Meteorological Administration(2015) China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. 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