{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:13:47Z","timestamp":1790255627752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for funding through the TropHAL project","award":["NE\/J02449X\/1 and NE\/J022780\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/J02449X\/1 and NE\/J022780\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed a chemical mechanism describing the tropospheric degradation of chlorine containing very short\u2010lived substances (VSLS). The scheme was included in a global atmospheric model and used to quantify the stratospheric injection of chlorine from anthropogenic VSLS ( <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/grl52978-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl52978:grl52978-math-0001\"\/>) between 2005 and 2013. By constraining the model with surface measurements of chloroform (CHCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), dichloromethane (CH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), tetrachloroethene (C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), trichloroethene (C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>HCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and 1,2\u2010dichloroethane (CH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>ClCH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cl), we infer a 2013 <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/grl52978-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl52978:grl52978-math-0002\"\/> mixing ratio of 123 parts per trillion (ppt). Stratospheric injection of source gases dominates this supply, accounting for \u223c83% of the total. The remainder comes from VSLS\u2010derived organic products, phosgene (COCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 7%) and formyl chloride (CHClO, 2%), and also hydrogen chloride (HCl, 8%). Stratospheric <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/grl52978-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl52978:grl52978-math-0003\"\/> increased by \u223c52% between 2005 and 2013, with a mean growth rate of 3.7\u2009ppt\u2009Cl\/yr. This increase is due to recent and ongoing growth in anthropogenic CH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2014the most abundant chlorinated VSLS not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2015gl063783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,9]],"date-time":"2015-05-09T18:35:09Z","timestamp":1431196509000},"page":"4573-4580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short\u2010lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Hossaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Chipperfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Saiz\u2010Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"von Glasow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sommariva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"},{"name":"Now at Department of Chemistry University of Leicester  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Atlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Montzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Atmospheric Science University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dhomse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Harth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"M\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monitoring and Information Technology Department Norwegian Institute for Air Research  Kjeller Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"O'Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Reimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology  D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology  D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. B.","family":"Krummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship CSIRO Aspendale  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. 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