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In this study, microfluidic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MFQPCR) was used to quantify genes from pathogens commonly associated with human intestinal infections in water collected from protected springs, a public tap, drainage channels, and surface water in Kampala, Uganda, from November 2014 to May 2015. The differences in relative abundance of genes during the wet and dry seasons were also assessed. All water sources tested contained multiple genes from pathogenic microorganisms, with drainage channels and surface waters containing a higher abundance of genes as compared to protected spring and the public tap water. Genes detected represented the presence of enterohemorrhagic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>, and enterovirus. There was an increased presence of pathogenic genes in drainage channels during the wet season when compared to the dry season. In contrast, surface water and drinking water sources contained little seasonal variation in the quantity of microbes assayed. These results suggest that individual water source types respond uniquely to seasonal variability and that human interaction with contaminated drainage waters, rather than direct ingestion of contaminated water, may be a more important contributor to waterborne disease transmission. Furthermore, future work in monitoring seasonal variations in water quality should focus on understanding the baseline influences of any one particular water source given their unique complexities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2017gh000081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1501710997000},"page":"258-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Quantification of multiple waterborne pathogens in drinking water, drainage channels, and surface water in Kampala, Uganda, during seasonal variation"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Nora J.","family":"Sadik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sital","family":"Uprety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina","family":"Nalweyiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9014-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Kiggundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noble E.","family":"Banadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Shisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560\u2010016\u20109246\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70155-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31826d0d13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13779-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014852201424"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5b00251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02660\u201005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Exploring Livelihoods of the Urban Poor in Kampala","author":"Dimanin P.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247815598520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field C. 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