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The role of tropospheric\u2010sourced sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in situ measurements of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. Here we clarify the role of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in maintaining SAs by using new in situ SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> measurements to evaluate climate models and satellite retrievals. We then use the observed tropical tropopause SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mixing ratios to estimate the global flux of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> across the tropical tropopause. These analyses show that the tropopause background SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is about 5 times smaller than reported by the average satellite observations that have been used recently to test atmospheric models. This shifts the view of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> as a dominant source of SAs to a near\u2010negligible one, possibly revealing a significant gap in the SA budget.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2017gl072754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T02:25:37Z","timestamp":1490667937000},"page":"4280-4286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The role of sulfur dioxide in stratospheric aerosol formation evaluated by using in situ measurements in the tropical lower stratosphere"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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