{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:27:45Z","timestamp":1773210465948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K08208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K08208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Saliva\u2014a water\u2010based fluid containing electrolytes, immunoglobulins, and enzymes\u2014has many functions, including the protection and hydration of mucosal structures within the oral cavity and the initiation of digestion. Aquaporins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>s) are proteins that act as water channels through membranes. We have previously reported upregulation of the expression levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content> 1 and 5 in the submandibular glands (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMG<\/jats:styled-content>s) in heat\u2010acclimated rats. In this study, we investigated pilocarpine\u2010induced saliva secretion and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content> expression in rats after voluntary exercise. Male, 10\u2010week\u2010old Wistar rats were initially maintained at an ambient temperature of 24 \u00b0C for 10 days and were then kept for 40 days in cages either with a running wheel (exercise rats, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6) or with a locked wheel [control rats (CN), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6]. After the training period, the rats were anesthetized and pilocarpine, an M3 muscarinic receptor agonist, was intraperitoneally injected (0.5 mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) to stimulate saliva secretion. Saliva was collected, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMG<\/jats:styled-content>s were sampled and subjected to western blot, RT\u2010PCR, and immunohistochemical analyses. Pilocarpine induced a greater amount of saliva in the exercised rats than in the CN. Expression levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and protein were significantly higher in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMG<\/jats:styled-content>s of exercised rats than in those of the CN, but the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>5 was not affected by voluntary exercise. Voluntary exercise increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>) and cluster of differentiation 31 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>31), a marker for endothelial cells, in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMG<\/jats:styled-content>s. Voluntary exercise promoted pilocarpine\u2010induced saliva secretion, probably via an increase in the expression level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>1 due to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>31\u2010positive angiogenesis in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T07:52:38Z","timestamp":1511509958000},"page":"85-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Daily voluntary exercise enhances pilocarpine\u2010induced saliva secretion and aquaporin 1 expression in rat submandibular glands"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naotoshi","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Katakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Physiology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Sumiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiko","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michio","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Shido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology Faculty of Medicine Shimane University Izumo 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