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CVL constituents have utility as biomarkers and play protective roles in wound healing and against HIV\u20101 infection. However, several components of cervicovaginal fluids are less well understood, such as extracellular RNAs and their carriers, for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs comprise a wide array of double\u2010leaflet membrane extracellular particles and range in diameter from 30\u00a0nm to over one micron. The aim of this study was to determine whether differentially regulated CVL microRNAs (miRNAs) might influence retrovirus replication. To this end, we characterized EVs and miRNAs of primate CVL during the menstrual cycle and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques. EVs were enriched by stepped ultracentrifugation, and miRNA profiles were assessed with a medium\u2010throughput stem\u2010loop\/hydrolysis probe qPCR platform. Whereas hormone cycling was abnormal in infected subjects, EV concentration correlated with progesterone concentration in uninfected subjects. miRNAs were present predominantly in the EV\u2010depleted CVL supernatant. Only a small number of CVL miRNAs changed during the menstrual cycle or SIV infection, for example, miR\u2010186\u20105p, which was depleted in retroviral infection. This miRNA inhibited HIV replication in infected macrophages\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>In\u00a0silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    target prediction and pathway enrichment analyses shed light on the probable functions of miR\u2010186\u20105p in hindering HIV infections via immunoregulation, T\u2010cell regulation, disruption of viral pathways, etc. These results provide further evidence for the potential of EVs and small RNAs as biomarkers or effectors of disease processes in the reproductive tract.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,16]],"date-time":"2020-08-16T16:09:46Z","timestamp":1597594186000},"page":"2021-2039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular 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