{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:09:24Z","timestamp":1790708964312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102019\u201005883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102019\u201005883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disorder caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. In addition to muscle pathology, some patients with DMD will exhibit cognitive impairments with severity being linked to age and type of genetic mutation. Likewise, some studies have shown that <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice display impairments in spatial memory compared with wild\u2010type (WT) controls, while others have not observed any such effect. Most studies have utilized the traditional C57BL\/10 (C57) <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mouse, which exhibits a mild disease phenotype. Recently, the DBA\/2J (D2) <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mouse has emerged as a more severe and perhaps clinically relevant DMD model; however, studies examining cognitive function in these mice are limited. Thus, in this study we examined cognitive function in age\u2010matched C57 and D2 <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice along with their respective WT controls. Our findings show that 8\u2010 to 12\u2010week\u2010old C57 <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice did not display any differences in exploration time when challenged with a novel object recognition test. Conversely, age\u2010matched D2 <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice spent less time exploring objects in total as a well as less time exploring the novel object, suggestive of impaired recognition memory. Biochemical analyses of the D2 <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> brain revealed higher soluble amyloid precursor protein \u03b2 (APP\u03b2) and APP in the prefrontal cortex of <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> mice compared with WT, and lower soluble APP\u03b1 in the hippocampus, suggestive of a shift towards amyloidogenesis and a similar pathogenesis to Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of the D2 <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic> model in studying cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T22:19:08Z","timestamp":1634768348000},"page":"154-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Characterization of Alzheimer's disease\u2010like neuropathology in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy using the DBA\/2J <i>mdx<\/i> mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Grant C.","family":"Hayward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Caceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of del Rosario Bogota Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily N.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Baranowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy C.","family":"Whitley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val A.","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E. K.","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07815-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201018168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000710)422:4<594::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/348725a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Timing and localization of human dystrophin isoform expression provide insights into the cognitive phenotype of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Doorenweerd N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00248.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(06)80008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb14556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638508401280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.8.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770808106X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-081117-010451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental, emotional, and behavioural problems in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in relation to underlying dystrophin gene mutations","volume":"71","author":"Ricotti V","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/bjmg-2013-0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluation of neural damage in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients","volume":"33","author":"Salam EA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Myol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7703com"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Amyloid\u2010\u03b2 precursor protein: multiple fragments, numerous transport routes and mechanisms","volume":"344","author":"Muresan V","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(91)90059-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02327580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.629043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802488R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70987-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel object recognition and object location behavioral testing in mice on a budget","volume":"141","author":"Denninger JK","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1998.00312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-150113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00244-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550170111022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1026-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67051882.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/42257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.154146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1347-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1573-7"}],"container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13317","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13317","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T08:35:35Z","timestamp":1693211735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/2211-5463.13317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13317","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5463","2211-5463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-5463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}