{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:04:57Z","timestamp":1760367897786,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009122","name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LR11IP03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR11IP03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009122","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaposi's sarcoma\u2010associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV\u20108), causes primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Few antiviral drugs are available to efficiently control KSHV infection, and therefore, the development of novel, effective anti\u2010KSHV treatments is needed. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts, essential oils, and certain flavonoids (hesperidin, eupafolin, and vicenin) derived from <jats:italic>Thymus capitatus<\/jats:italic> (commonly known as thyme). We assessed the toxicity of these different extracts and components in RPE\u20101 cell cultures using the MTS test and evaluated their antiviral effect using the TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> method. The mechanism of action was determined through time\u2010of\u2010addition tests as well as viral entry, attachment, and virucidal assays. Additionally, western blot analysis was also used to assess their modes of action. Total treatment assay showed that the aqueous extract of <jats:italic>T.\u2009capitatus<\/jats:italic> has the highest inhibitory effect against KSHV<jats:sub>LYT<\/jats:sub> with an EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value of 0.2388\u2009\u00b5g\u00b7mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Both hesperidin and eupafolin showed the ability to inactivate viral infection in a dose\u2013response manner (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 0.2399 and 1.396\u2009\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, respectively). Moreover, they were able to inactivate KSHV<jats:sub>Lyt<\/jats:sub> postinfection by reducing viral protein expression. In summary, the effective antiviral property of the aqueous extract is likely a result of the inhibition of viral growth within the host cells by both hesperidin and eupafolin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T07:15:52Z","timestamp":1649229352000},"page":"1166-1177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Thymus capitatus<\/i> flavonoids inhibit infection of Kaposi's sarcoma\u2010associated herpesvirus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Mekni\u2010Toujani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology Institute Pasteur of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar  Tunis\u2010Belvedere Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Mousavizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Heinrich Pette Institute Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heinrich Pette Institute Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdeljelil","family":"Ghram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology Institute Pasteur of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar  Tunis\u2010Belvedere Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505043321802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7997879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.11.9348-9361.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3479-3487.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.1.715-719.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.2.175-212.2003"},{"volume-title":"Functional characterization of Epstein\u2010Barr virus gH\/gL glycoprotein complex in fusion","year":"2007","author":"Omerovic J","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-78"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46816-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01334-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01875-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199711000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/598351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000682"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The effect of foscarnet (phosphonoformate) on human immunodeficiency virus isolation, T\u2010cell subsets and lymphocyte function in AIDS patients","volume":"1","author":"Gaub J","year":"1987","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijat.2006.04.003"},{"volume-title":"Die \u00e4therischen \u00d6le","author":"Gildemeister E","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Screening of antiradical and antibacterial activities of essential oils of Artemisia campestris L., Artemisia herba alba Asso, & Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. growing wild in the Southern of Tunisia","volume":"2","author":"Akrout A","journal-title":"Recent Res Sci Technol"},{"volume-title":"Contribution \u00e0 une \u00e9tude ethnobotanique de la flore tunisienne","year":"1983","author":"Le Floc'h E","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2014.930453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2006.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.984182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0117"},{"volume-title":"Flore succinte et illustr\u00e9e des zones arides et sahariennes de Tunisie","year":"1998","author":"Chaieb M","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1"},{"volume-title":"Flore analytique et synoptique de la Tunisie","year":"1954","author":"Cu\u00e9nod A","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0231-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012465330-6\/50003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(88)90134-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0231-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890150110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"591354","article-title":"Eupafolin and ethyl Acetate fraction of Kalanchoe gracilis stem extract show potent antiviral activities against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16","volume":"2013","author":"Wang C\u2010Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complementary Alternat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00077-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002"}],"container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13407","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:35:45Z","timestamp":1692851745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/2211-5463.13407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13407","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5463","2211-5463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2211-5463"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2211-5463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}