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Infection by <jats:italic>C.\u2009braakii<\/jats:italic> has been associated with acute mucosal inflammation in the intestine, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. However, the pathogenesis of <jats:italic>C.\u2009braakii<\/jats:italic> in the gastric mucosa has not yet been clarified. In this study, the bacterium was detected in 35.5% (61\/172) of patients with chronic gastritis (CG) and was closely associated with the severity of mucosal inflammation. <jats:italic>Citrobacter braakii<\/jats:italic> P1 isolated from a patient with CG exhibited urease activity and acid resistance. It contained multiple secretion systems, including a complete type I secretion system (T1SS), T5aSS and T6SS. We then predicted the potential pilus\u2010related adhesins. <jats:italic>Citrobacter braakii<\/jats:italic> P1 diffusely adhered to AGS cells and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; the adhesion rate and LDH release were much lower in HEp\u20102 cells. Strain P1 also induced markedly increased mRNA and protein expression of <jats:italic>IL\u20108<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic> in AGS cells, and the fold increase was much higher than that in HEp\u20102 cells. Our results demonstrate proinflammatory and cytotoxic role of <jats:italic>C.\u2009braakii<\/jats:italic> in gastric epithelial cells, indicating the bacterium is potentially involved in inducing gastric mucosa inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T07:20:01Z","timestamp":1706167201000},"page":"487-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of cytotoxic <i>Citrobacter braakii<\/i> isolated from human stomach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0183-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengchao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences  Qingdao 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