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Research into these adaptations has expanded our understanding of the limits and evolution of photosynthesis, while also providing promising biotechnological applications. In this review, we explore the adaptations that tolerant and extremophilic photosynthetic organisms have evolved, overcoming these environmental challenges while maintaining photosynthetic functionality. These adaptations include modifications in photosystems and electron transport chain components, the development of photoprotective mechanisms, the use of unique CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), and fine\u2010tuning of Rubisco's kinetic properties and concentration. 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