{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T17:15:41Z","timestamp":1725470141764},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780471976707"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9780470027318"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,30]],"date-time":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":972864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Petroleum residues are the remaining fraction left after the distillation of crude oil. According to the conditions of the primary distillation, a distinction is made betweenatmospheric and vacuum residues (VRs). Since the simplest, lighter constituents of petroleum have been separated by distillation, residues constitute the most complex fraction of crude oil and a detailed inventory of the individual compounds is impossible. Thus characterization methods will aim at giving an adequate description of the pertinent properties for a given purpose. Practically all of the existing analytical techniques have been applied: chromatographic, spectroscopic, solvent extraction, fractionation, etc. The analyst's strategy will consist in choosing the procedure that will be able to provide limited but pertinent information, at an acceptable cost, in a reasonable time. Some easily obtained physical parameters correlate with chemical composition data. This is the case with specific gravity, viscosity, and the content of carbon residue obtained after pyrolysis. Standard test methods for the determination of these parameters have been developed.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The direct determination of compositional parameters such as aromatic carbon and hydrogen content is obtainable through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy without previous fractionation. The quantitative distribution of saturated, aromatic, and polar compounds can be measured by thin\u2010layer chromatography (TLC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID). The parameters obtained through various analytical techniques are generally hardly correlated since they refer to different units (e.g. mole %, weight %, or volume %) that cannot be interconverted.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>A more detailed characterization requires previous separation for the preparation of simpler fractions. Although the definition of residues implies they have been produced after a preliminary distillation, short\u2010path molecular distillation, simulated distillation by high\u2010temperature gas chromatography (GC), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) apply to residues and provide the distribution of fractions possessing equivalent boiling point up to about 720\u00b0C at atmospheric pressure. The fractions resulting from distillation cuts can subsequently be characterized. Simulated distillation by GC can be coupled with other analytical tools such as element\u2010specific detectors or a mass spectrometer.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The separation of components in residues can be performed according to their solubility in solvents possessing increasing polarity or by chromatographic solvent elution after preliminary adsorption of the dissolved sample on a solid adsorbent. Among a wide variety of separation schemes, some have been standardized and the corresponding fractions are designated according to solubility: oils or maltenes, resins, and asphaltenes. The yield of the fractions is indicative of composition and behavior during further processing of residues.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Further characterization of fractions involves either chromatographic or spectroscopic techniques. Chromatographic methods include thin\u2010layer, liquid\u2010phase, andsize\u2010exclusion modes and provide information related with composition of fractions in terms of hydrocarbon group types (saturated, aromatics, polars) and molecular weight distribution. Spectroscopic methods [ultraviolet (UV), mass, NMR] are suitable for compositional evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Physical and analytical parameters can be correlated with the distribution of structural groups existing in the hydrocarbon fraction of residues: paraffinic, naphthenic, olefinic, and aromatic (single or fused rings).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470027318.a1835","type":"other","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,11]],"date-time":"2006-09-11T10:52:50Z","timestamp":1157971970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Petroleum Residues, Characterization of"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Bacaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/36.10.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"D.Espinat D.Tchoubar R.Boulet E.Freund Etude des Produits Lourds par Diffusion Centrale des Rayons X inCharacterization of Heavy Crude Oils and Petroleum Residues eds Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Elf Institute Fran\u00e7ais du P\u00e9trole Total Technip Paris 147\u2013152 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"316","volume-title":"The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum","author":"Speight J.G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Labor\u2010destillation Hochsiedender Mineral\u00f6lantelle","volume":"36","author":"Fisher W.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Erd\u00f6l Kohle Erdgas Petrochem."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ef950234h"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)83803-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240150405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"R.A.Burdett L.W.Taylor L.C.Jones Jr Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lubricating Oil Fractions by Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Molecular Spectroscopy Reprint Conference of Institute of Petroleum London 30\u201341 1955."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60305a011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60316a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00260a025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(85)90404-1"}],"container-title":["Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/9780470027318.a1835","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T06:52:52Z","timestamp":1692514372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470027318.a1835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,30]]},"ISBN":["9780471976707","9780470027318"],"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/9780470027318.a1835","10.1002\/9780470027318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470027318.a1835","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,30]]}}}