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The mobility and output force, however, are still the critical challenges for many promising applications. It is attractive to develop \u201cuntethered\u201d robotics to improve the mobility by getting rid of the external electrical or pneumatic tethers while achieving massive output stroke and force. Inspired by the creatures' movements induced by the multiplication of cells and asymmetric volume changes of the tissue, an untethered soft actuator composed of self\u2010contained liquids and super\u2010elastic chambers is proposed, and by remote stimuli (e.g., near\u2010infrared light), the capsuled liquids transit from liquid to vapor, giving rise to volume change in the corresponding chambers. Programmable motions, i.e., photophobia of artificial sunflower, can be realized, indicating a massive and linear driving stroke (up to 160% in elongation, 0.5\u2009mm\u2009\u00b0C<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and output force (14.5\u2009N with 6\u2009g self\u2010weight, 0.33\u2009N\u2009\u00b0C<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The untethered soft actuator suggests a feasible approach to develop smart, soft, and autonomous robotics and holds promise in fields ranging from surgery to rehabilitation and rescue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T04:00:33Z","timestamp":1571976033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Untethered Soft Actuators by Liquid\u2013Vapor Phase Transition: Remote and Programmable Actuation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weitao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Yiding","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Bangdao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]},{"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Mechanical Testing Technology and Equipment Chongqing University of Technology  Chongqing 400050 China"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Mechanical Testing Technology and Equipment Chongqing University of Technology  Chongqing 400050 China"}]},{"given":"Bingheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 710054 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706695"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2014.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"291","volume":"23","author":"Kim K. 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