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Aim of this progress report is to critically introduce the most relevant limits and present a promising paradigm that might bring new momentum, offering features that naturally and elegantly overcome current challenges and introduce several other advantages: liquid cybernetic systems. The topic describing the four orders of cybernetic systems identified so far is introduced, evidencing the features of the fourth order that includes liquid systems. Then, current limitations to the development of conventional, von Neumann\u2010based cybernetic systems are briefly discussed: device integration, thermal design, data throughput, and energy consumption. In the following sections, liquid\u2010state machines are introduced, providing a computational paradigm (free from <jats:italic>in materio<\/jats:italic> considerations) that goes into the direction of solving such issues. Two original <jats:italic>in materio<\/jats:italic> implementation schemes are proposed: the COlloIdal demonsTratOR (COgITOR) autonomous robot, and a soft holonomic processor that is also proposed to realize an autolographic system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T02:33:21Z","timestamp":1603247601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Liquid Cybernetic Systems: The Fourth\u2010Order Cybernetics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Chiolerio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sustainable Future Technologies Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia  Via Livorno 30 10144 Torino Italy"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"2019","volume-title":"Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine","author":"Wiener N.","year":"1948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"L\u2019Unite \u2019de L\u2019Homme","author":"von Foerster H.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1108\/K-03-2017-0120","volume":"47","author":"Lepskiy V.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"L.da Vinci https:\/\/it.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Uomo_vitruviano.jpg(accessed: December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"J.Wood W.Gaver J.Backwell H.Jones J.Lockheart A.Lundebye M.Tham Fourth Order Cybernetics http:\/\/attainable-utopias.org\/tiki\/FourthOrderCybernetics(accessed: June 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0731713jes"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaefb1","volume":"30","author":"Liu C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"A.Chiolerio presented at SAP Executive Summit Cernobbio (Italy) March2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s41871-018-0016-9","volume":"1","author":"Murad Hasan R. 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