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Among these memories, artificial synapses based on current\u2010induced magnetization switching driven by spin\u2013orbit torques (SOTs) have attracted great attention recently. Herein, the gradient descent algorithm, a primary learning algorithm, implemented on a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20091 SOT synaptic array is reported. Successful pattern classifications are experimentally realized through the tuning of cycle\u2010to\u2010cycle variation, linearity range, and linearity deviation of the multilevel SOT synapse. Also, a larger <jats:italic>m\u2009\u00d7\u2009n<\/jats:italic> SOT synaptic array with <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic> controlling transistors is proposed and it is found that the classification accuracies can be improved dramatically by decreasing the cycle\u2010to\u2010cycle variation. A way for the application of spin\u2013orbit device arrays in neuromorphic computing is paved and the crucial importance of the cycle\u2010to\u2010cycle variation for a multilevel SOT synapse is suggested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T21:04:38Z","timestamp":1612818278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Gradient Descent on Multilevel Spin\u2013Orbit Synapses with Tunable Variations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0068-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiukai","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100083 China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100049 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100083 China"},{"name":"Division of Quantum Materials and Devices Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences  Beijing 100193 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100083 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaijia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of Opto-Electronic Materials &amp; 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