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These materials, including nickel hydroxide\/oxyhydroxide, cobalt oxides\/hydroxides, nickel\u2010doped cobalt oxides\/hydroxides, and manganese oxides, exhibit a volume\u2010changing redox reaction, rendering them an electrochemical actuation behavior. Also, due to their turbostratic crystal structures, they typically exhibit light\u2010driven actuation due to water deintercalation from the crystal structure induced by light. Compared with other actuating materials, these oxides\/hydroxides actuate with high stress and strain at fast rates, under very low stimuli requirements. Furthermore, they are easily printable on different substrates, thus allowing flexible robots with demodularized muscle\u2010skeletal designs to be made.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T01:28:23Z","timestamp":1617240503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Novel Stimuli\u2010Responsive Turbostratic Oxides\/Hydroxides for Material\u2010Driven Robots"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kin Wa","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runni","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. 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