{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:47:21Z","timestamp":1793504841259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A2C200636212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C200636212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Herein, a novel soft actuator design is presented that simultaneously enables a high\u2010output force at a low operating voltage and an adjustable large normal displacement. The electrohydraulic actuator powered by induced interfacial charge (EPIC) uses the amplified electrostatic force when the surface charge\u2010inducing phenomenon of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel and the geometrical gradient of the actuator are combined to reinforce the zipping motion of the liquid layer. This actuator produces a more than 50\u2010fold higher blocking force than conventional dielectric liquid\u2010coupled electrostatic actuators at 2\u2009kV. This implies the possibility of expanding the applicability of soft actuators to high\u2010power transducers. This actuator is modeled as parallel capacitors by considering the interfacial\u2010induced charge; the ratio of the dielectric constant of the polymer film to that of the dielectric liquid is analyzed as the principal design criterion for optimizing the performance characteristics. The actuator prototype exerts a force as high as 16 times its body weight (25.5\u2009g) and exhibits a large normal displacement of more than 20% of its height (8.5\u2009mm). Furthermore, four actuators can lift a weight of 1.25\u2009kg and one actuator can be used as a large\u2010aperture (diameter: 30\u2009mm) varifocal lens (374% focal length variation).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T05:19:47Z","timestamp":1620278387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High\u2010Output Force Electrohydraulic Actuator Powered by Induced Interfacial Charges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5072-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Robot Interaction Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihyeong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Robot Interaction Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Robot Interaction Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongseok","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Robot Interaction Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Uk","family":"Kyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Robot Interaction Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201707035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604977"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD)","author":"Pelrine R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab3a77"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa89b1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.11.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"2014 IEEE\/RSJ Int. 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