{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:16:41Z","timestamp":1769559401918,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Early diagnosis and clear differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from chronic pancreatitis (CP) is clinically challenging. A machine learning model is developed for the diagnosis of PDAC. The model is induced using a dataset of 13 \u2009987 participants, of which 12 \u2009402 are used for training the model and the remaining 1585 for testing purposes. One thousand sixty\u2010six laboratory variables are reduced to 18 measures using standard filtering and feature importance methods. Then, five machine learning classifiers are evaluated for the study. Hyperparameter optimization for each classifier is carried out, and the optimal algorithm is established using a tenfold cross validation on the training data. Finally, gradient boosting decision tree\u2010based ternary classifier composed of 18 routine laboratory variables (GBDT\u2010TC<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub>) is established. In the test cohort, GBDT\u2010TC<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> differentiates PDAC from CP and healthy control (HC) with an accuracy better than carbohydrate antigen 19\u20109 (CA19\u20109)\u2010based diagnosis. It also maintains a high diagnostic accuracy for stages I, IIA, and IIB PDAC, small\u2010sized PDAC, body and tail adenocarcinoma, CA19\u20109\u2010negative PDAC, and nonjaundice PDAC. What's more, GBDT\u2010TC<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> shows a higher accuracy than CA19\u20109 in distinguishing PDAC from CP. GBDT\u2010TC<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> can be used to augment the capability of doctors for early and differential diagnosis of PDAC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T02:26:51Z","timestamp":1625452011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Establishment of a Machine Learning Model for Early and Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Laboratory Routine Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Beilei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Navy Military Medical University  225 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  415 Fengyang Road Shanghai 200003 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanbin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology University of Oklahoma  101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019-5300 USA"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University  168 Changhai Road Shanghai 200433 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00141-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"900","volume":"56","author":"Liu C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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