{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:55:27Z","timestamp":1767992127647,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61841404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61841404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92064012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92064012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51732003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51732003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Inspired by competitive rules of the nature, competitive learning contributes to the specialization of the human brain and the general creativity of mankind. However, the construction of hardware competitive learning neural network still faces great challenges due to the lack of an accurate distance computation method and a self\u2010adaptive in situ training scheme. Herein, a fully memristive Euclidean distance (ED) engine based on analog multiply\u2010accumulate operation in a 32\u2009\u00d7\u200932 TiN\/TaO<jats:sub>\n<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n<\/jats:sub>\/HfO<jats:sub>\n<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n<\/jats:sub>\/TiN 1T1R array is demonstrated. The dual\u2010layer devices perform multilevel modulation under the target\u2010aware programming method with excellent read linearity in a dynamic range of 10\u2013100\u2009\u03bcS. The ED calculation is verified experimentally on a test board with an <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>(1) temporal complexity. Furthermore, in situ training and offline inference schemes for competitive learning, based on the ED engine, are developed and the simulated results show comparable success rates with those obtained by the CPU\u2010based software. Compared with a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art RTX6000 GPU (0.5 TOPS\u2009W<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), the energy efficiency of competitive learning models on ED engines can yield 100\u00d7 improvements by utilizing optimized memristive devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T06:15:09Z","timestamp":1630995309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Energy\u2010Efficient Memristive Euclidean Distance Engine for Brain\u2010Inspired Competitive Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Houji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics &amp; School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics &amp; School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics &amp; School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics &amp; School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangshui","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics &amp; School of Optical and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Natural Selection in the Wild","author":"Endler J. A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2430-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3825-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"3474","volume-title":"Cvpr","author":"Yang H.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2772239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2597834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00754"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80154-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.839021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.387488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","author":"Xu L.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netwo."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(90)90071-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.Lv T.Jin C.Yu F.Sun Q.Lin K.Yang W.Ng inInt. Conf. on Information and Knowledge Management Proc. ACM New York NY2019 p.2635.","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3357818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00510-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Covington J.Adams E.Sargin inRecSys 2016 - Proc. 10th ACM Conf. Recommender Systems ACM New York NY2016 p.191.","DOI":"10.1145\/2959100.2959190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Ling Y.An M.Liu S. A.Hasan Y.Fan X.Hu inProc. Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Networks IEEE Piscataway NJ2017 p.968.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2017.7965957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2929380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2670083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2899262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0435-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume":"13","author":"Zhang T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi \u2013 RRL"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0291-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume":"30","author":"Hu M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0180-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume":"29","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2016.2573140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1942-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Yu inProc.\u2014IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Systems IEEE Piscataway NJ2014 p.1058.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b01526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume":"7","author":"Jiang Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815682116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04482-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Q.Liu B.Gao P.Yao D.Wu J.Chen Y.Pang W.Zhang Y.Liao C.Xue W.Chen J.Tang Y.Wang M.Chang H.Qian H.Wu in2020 IEEE Int. Solid- State Circuits Conf. IEEE Piscataway NJ2020 p.500."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2005.850202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"C. H.Li C. T.Lin B. C.Kuo H. H.Ho inProc.\u2014Int. Conf. Technol. Application on Artificial Intelligence IEEE Piscataway NJ2010 p. 226."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.134289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.954506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"UCI Machine Learning Repository","author":"Dua D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10556789208805504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0397-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0405-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"10625","volume":"30","author":"Kohonen T.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Learning"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202100114","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202100114","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202100114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:15:11Z","timestamp":1759853711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202100114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202100114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100114","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2100114"}}