{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:18:46Z","timestamp":1781975926076,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1004559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1004559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019M3D1A2103919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019M3D1A2103919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A1A09918763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A1A09918763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSIP-2012R1A3A2048841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSIP-2012R1A3A2048841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Azobenzene\u2010functionalized liquid crystalline polymer networks (azo\u2010LCNs) are promising candidates for light\u2010fueled contactless manipulation of miniaturized soft robots through embedding photoactive molecular switches into alignment\u2010programmable LCNs. In particular, the 3D helical geometry of azo\u2010LCNs is reported to achieve rapid photomotility by introducing rolling resistance. However, the maximum height of the obstacle that soft robot can overcome is limited by the helix diameter and the stress\u2013strain responsivity. Herein, the helical diameter per unit length and photogenerated stress through molecular engineering of photoactive molecular switches are maximized. The carbon number of aliphatic spacers in the photoactive molecular switches is varied from two to eight to systematically investigate the structure\u2013property\u2013performance relations by studying the molecular geometry, physical properties of polymers, and photomotility of polymers. Furthermore, a finite\u2010element analysis simulation is presented to understand the rolling locomotion of helical torsional soft robots. Through molecular engineering, the helix diameter per unit length of 0.2\u2009mg soft robots is maximized, demonstrating high Young's modulus (\u22482\u2009GPa) and photogenerated stress (&gt;1\u2009MPa), as well as large velocity per body length, compared with the previously reported soft robots. Finally, the molecularly engineered soft robots successfully climb stairs, which is a key task in robotic systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T03:55:32Z","timestamp":1634961332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Light\u2010Fueled Climbing of Monolithic Torsional Soft Robots via Molecular Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jae Gwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University  100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon 22212 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University  100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon 22212 South Korea"},{"name":"Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University  100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon 22212 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajamanickam","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Inha University  Incheon 22212 South Korea"},{"name":"Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials Inha University  Incheon 22212 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonggeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Machines and Design Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials Division Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)  Daejeon 34114 South Korea"},{"name":"KRICT School University of Science and Technology (UST)  Daejeon 34113 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maenghyo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 South Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Machines and Design Seoul National University  Seoul 08826 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Ho","family":"Youk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Inha University  Incheon 22212 South Korea"},{"name":"Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials Inha University  Incheon 22212 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7381-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Jae","family":"Wie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University  100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon 22212 South Korea"},{"name":"Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University  100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu Incheon 22212 South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr970155y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/425145a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B815289F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201811808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c18449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b512655j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma502563q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2014.918336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm51574e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201602745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201601090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201906233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","author":"Jeon J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA01775E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma1014758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm00510j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am200621j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(79)90268-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B812291A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3SM51865E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar2629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"N.Cheng G.Ishigami S.Hawthorne H.Chen M.Hansen M.Telleria R.Playter K.Iagnemma Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom.IEEE Piscataway NJ2010 p.5207."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/9\/4\/046006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/8\/2\/026003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","unstructured":"N.Tomita K.Takagi K.Asaka Proc. SICE Annu. Conf. Waseda University Tokyo Japan2011 p.1687."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Shi S.Guo K.Asaka S.Mao 2010 IEEE Int. Conf. Nano\/Molecular Med. Eng. IEEE NANOMED 2010IEEE Piscataway NJ2010 p.1.","DOI":"10.1109\/NANOMED.2010.5749794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Guo L.Shi K.Asaka Proc. 2008 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom. ICMA 2008 IEEE Piscataway NJ2008 p.551.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2008.4798816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-006-0294-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201101054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3SM51921J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mz400439a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90043-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364903022003004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11762320902734208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"N.Kohl P.Stone inProc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom. Institute of Electrical And Electronics Engineers Inc. Piscataway NJ2004 p.2619."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"642","volume":"8","author":"Iida F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Intell. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364904050917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","unstructured":"F.Iida G.G\u00f3mez R.Pfeifer in2005 Int. Conf. Adv. Robot. ICAR \u201905 Proc. Seattle WA USA2005 p.229."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907078089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20080706-5-KR-1001.01833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364908097063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Rutishauser A.Spr\u00f3witz L.Righetti A. J.Ijspeert inProc. 2nd Bienn. IEEE\/RAS-EMBS Int. Conf. Biomed. Robot. Biomechatronics BioRob IEEE Piscataway NJ2008 p.710.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2008.4762878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"323","volume":"223","author":"Zhang Z. G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part I: J. Syst. Control Eng."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909336807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959651811402275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913489205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.6.661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc18081b"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202100148","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202100148","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202100148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:56:31Z","timestamp":1759881391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202100148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202100148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202100148","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2100148"}}