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Bioinspired mimicry of muscular systems is of great interest in soft robotics and biomedicine. Currently a broad range of synthetic macromolecules and natural or modified biomacromolecules imitate muscular systems, but no protein muscles with mechanoactive protein components are realized. Biomimetic bio\u2010based muscle systems allow to combine the potential of nature's high\u2010performance proteins, for example, silk, resilin, elastin, or titin, with novel adaptive and functional properties and sustainable biotechnological production. While biological protein motors and muscles are powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, no synthetic bio\u2010based muscles are described, operating autonomously using chemical energy to exert directional movements. Herein, an artificial protein muscle is introduced, exerting rhythmic autonomous movements via nonequilibrium states driven by chemically fueled pH oscillation reactions. Key to the design are recombinantly produced human matrix proteins selectively reengineered to respond to different stimuli. The results also show how directional movements can be independently triggered by changes in pH and temperature including a selective on\u2010switch and a combination of nonequilibrium states enabling \u201clearning and oblivion\u201d\u2010like material effects. This paves the road for the next generation of autonomous materials in pharmacy, soft robotics and living matter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T06:05:49Z","timestamp":1642053949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Autonomous Chemically Fueled Artificial Protein Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3034-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hilde Mangold Haus \u2013 Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS) Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg  Habsburgerstrasse 49 D-79104 Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT \u2013 Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg  Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103 D-79110 Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hilde Mangold Haus \u2013 Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS) Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg  Habsburgerstrasse 49 D-79104 Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hilde Mangold Haus \u2013 Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS) Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg  Habsburgerstrasse 49 D-79104 Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT \u2013 Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg  Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103 D-79110 Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg  Sch\u00e4nzlestrasse 1 D-79085 Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg  Sch\u00e4nzlestrasse 18 D-79104 Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering University of Freiburg  Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 103 D-79110 Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.58.030196.003503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704407"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","first-page":"2003088","author":"Wang J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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