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However, it suffers from catastrophic forgetting when dealing with continual learning problems, i.e., the loss of previously learned knowledge upon learning new information. Although several continual learning algorithms have been proposed, it remains a challenge to implement these algorithms efficiently on conventional digital systems due to the physical separation between memory and processing units. Herein, a software\u2013hardware codesigned in\u2010memory computing paradigm is proposed, where a mixed\u2010precision continual learning (MPCL) model is deployed on a hybrid analogue\u2013digital hardware system equipped with resistance random access memory chip. Software\u2010wise, the MPCL effectively alleviates catastrophic forgetting and circumvents the requirement for high\u2010precision weights. Hardware\u2010wise, the hybrid analogue\u2013digital system takes advantage of the colocation of memory and processing units, greatly improving energy efficiency. By combining the MPCL with an in\u2009situ fine\u2010tuning method, high classification accuracies of 94.9% and 95.3% (software baseline 97.0% and 97.7%) on the 5\u2010split\u2010MNIST and 5\u2010split\u2010FashionMNIST are achieved, respectively. The proposed system reduces \u2248200 times energy consumption of the multiply\u2010and\u2010accumulation operations during the inference phase compared to the conventional digital systems. This work paves the way for future autonomous systems at the edge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T10:58:28Z","timestamp":1652785108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mixed\u2010Precision Continual Learning Based on Computational Resistance Random Access Memory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 101408 China"}]},{"given":"Woyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 101408 China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 China"}]},{"given":"Danian","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}]},{"given":"Nanjia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 101408 China"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 101408 China"}]},{"given":"Shaocong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pok Fu Lam Road Hong Kong 999077 Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Chunmeng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}]},{"given":"Yongpan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing 100084 China"}]},{"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pok Fu Lam Road Hong Kong 999077 Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dashan","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 101408 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-016-0009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"J.Devlin M.\u2010W.Chang K.Lee K.Toutanova arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01294-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"S.\u2010W.Lee J.\u2010H.Kim J.Jun J.\u2010W.Ha B.\u2010T.Zhang arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.08475 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"R.Kemker M.McClure A.Abitino T.Hayes C.Kanan presented atAAAI Conf. on Artificial Intelligence New Orleans LA USA April 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"I. 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