{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:16:08Z","timestamp":1784852168210,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61874138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61874138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61888102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61888102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The unprecedented development of Internet of Things results in the explosion of spatiotemporal signals generated by smart edge devices, leading to a surge of interest in real\u2010time learning of such data. This imposes a big challenge to conventional digital hardware because of physically separated memory and processing units and the transistor scaling limit. Memristors are deemed a solution for efficient and portable deep learning. However, their ionic resistive switching incurs large programming stochasticity and energy, compromising their advantages in real\u2010time learning spatiotemporal signals. To address the aforementioned issues, we propose a novel hardware\u2013software codesign. Hardware\u2010wise, the stochasticity in memristor programming is leveraged to produce random matrices for efficient in\u2010memory computing. Software\u2010wise, random convolutional\u2010pooling architectures are integrated with echo\u2010state networks that compute with the hardware random matrices and make real\u2010time learning affordable. The synergy of the hardware and software not only improves the performance over conventional echo\u2010state networks, that is, 90.94% and 91.67% (compared to baselines 88.33% and 62.50%), but also retains 187.79\u00d7 and 93.66\u00d7 improvement of energy efficiency compared to the digital alternatives on the representative Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones (HAR) and CRICKET datasets, respectively. These advantages make random convolutional echo\u2010state network (RCESN) a promising solution for the future smart edge hardware.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T22:23:44Z","timestamp":1653258224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Convolutional Echo\u2010State Network with Random Memristors for Spatiotemporal Signal Classification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shaocong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hegan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam Chi","family":"Loong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Circuit and Intelligent Information Hangzhou Dianzi University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaudhry","family":"Furqan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics Southern University of Science and Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Circuit and Intelligent Information Hangzhou Dianzi University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics Southern University of Science and Technology  Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dashan","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100029 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong"},{"name":"ACCESS \u2013 AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems InnoHK Centers  Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2789319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04867-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"W.Yu G.Xu Z.Chen P.Moulema presented at 2013 IEEE conf. Communications and Network Security (CNS) National Harbor MD USA October2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00706-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"X.Shi Z.Chen H.Wang D.-Y.Yeung W.-K.Wong W.-C.Woo presented at 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)Montreal Canada December2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2690575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0435-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-017-0006-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0647-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3004543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2790840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23746149.2016.1259585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0208-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2899262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl900006g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/28\/289502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"S.Yu Z.Li P.-Y.Chen H.Wu B.Gao D.Wang W.Wu H.Qian presented at IEEE Inter. Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) San Francisco CA USA December2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02337-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0180-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04482-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04933-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0118-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0313-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0270-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17215-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16108-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1942-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0187-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00505-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0410-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba9901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22364-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20692-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","author":"Milano G.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00523-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"B.Yan Q.Yang W.Chen K.Chang J.Su C.Hsu S.Li H.Lee S.Sheu M.Ho Q.Wu M.Chang Y.Chen H.Li presented at 2019 Symp. on VLSI Technology Kyoto Japan June2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5232"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0069-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201800143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"S.Wang Y.Li D.Wang W.Zhang X.Chen D.Dong S.Wang X.Zhang P.Lin C.Gallicchio arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.152702021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"1295","volume":"19","author":"Anguita D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","unstructured":"A. M.Saxe P. W.Koh Z.Chen M.Bhand B.Suresh A. Y.Ng presented at 28th International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) Bellevue Washington USA June2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25925-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602760407955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-016-0455-0"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202200027","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:44:40Z","timestamp":1759851880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202200027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202200027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202200027","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2200027"}}