{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1782451031821,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The Gestalt principles of perceptual learning elucidate how the human brain categorizes and comprehends a set of visual elements grouped together. One of the principles of Gestalt perceptual learning is the law of closure which propounds that human perception has the proclivity to visualize a fragmented object as a preknown whole by bridging the missing gaps. Herein, a letter recognition scheme emulating the Gestalt closure principle is demonstrated, utilizing artificial synapses made of 3D integrated MA<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>Bi<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>I<jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub> (MBI) perovskite nanowire (NW) array. The artificial synapses exhibit short\u2010term plasticity (STP) and long\u2010term potentiation (LTP) and a transition from STP to LTP with increasing number of input electrical pulses. Initiatory ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations attribute the conductance change in the MBI NW artificial synapses to the rotation of MA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> clusters, culminating in charge exchange between MA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and Bi<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>I<jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Each device yields 40 conductance states with excellent retention &gt;10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009s, minimal variation (2<jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic>\/mean) &lt;10%, and endurance of \u224810<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> cycles. MBI NW\u2010based artificial neural network (ANN) is constructed to recognize fragmented letters alike their distinction in unabridged form and also the gradual withering of synaptic connectivity with engendered missing fragments is demonstrated, thereby successfully implementing Gestalt closure principle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T11:15:53Z","timestamp":1653045353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Robust Lead\u2010Free Perovskite Nanowire Array\u2010Based Artificial Synapses Exemplifying Gestalt Principle of Closure via a Letter Recognition Scheme"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Swapnadeep","family":"Poddar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhesi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chak Lam Jonathan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beitao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences &amp; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100083 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices Institute of Optoelectronics &amp; Nanomaterials School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing 210094 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-0129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic &amp; Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11496-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315009292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.6.3.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-016-0009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume":"1","author":"Wu G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3680010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0170-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b05726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.0c00180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b02101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03058H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201602512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07330-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac3687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc6389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07123J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR09234G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.013149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-017-0001-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA09249C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA03501F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0694-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202011083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"E.Zamanidoost F. 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