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The study of live birds is time\u2010consuming, laborious, and, more importantly, limited to the flapping motion adopted by the animal. The latter makes systematic studies of alternative flapping strategies impossible, limiting our ability to test why birds select specific kinematics among infinite alternatives. Herein, a biohybrid robotic wing is described, partly built from real feathers, with more advanced kinematic capabilities than previous robotic wings and similar to those of a real bird. In a first case study, the robotic wing is used to systematically study the aerodynamic consequences of different upstroke kinematic strategies at different flight speeds and stroke plane angles. The results indicate that wing folding during upstroke not only favors thrust production, as expected, but also reduces force\u2010specific aerodynamic power, indicating a strong selection pressure on protobirds to evolve upstroke wing folding. It is also shown that thrust requirements likely dictate the wing's stroke tilting. Overall, the proposed biohybrid robotic flapper can be used to answer many open questions about avian flapping flights that are impossible to address by observing free\u2010flying birds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T22:36:23Z","timestamp":1671834983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Robotic Avian Wing Explains Aerodynamic Advantages of Wing Folding and Stroke Tilting in Flapping Flight"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Ajanic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1015 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1015 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Coster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1015 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Floreano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne  1015 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoffer","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology Lund University  Naturvetarv\u00e4gen 6A SE-223 62 Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2014.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aba2386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat0350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1322-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.3005127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1756-8293.7.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Nature's Fliers: Birds, Insects, and the Biomechanics of Flight","author":"Alexander D. 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