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The external memories here are used to perform explicit similarity calculations. Despite several encouraging schemes were proposed to merge data storage and similarity calculation using non\u2010volatile memories, two major challenges, including the long encoding bits and the degraded accuracy of hardware implementations, remain to be tackled. Herein, a cosine\u2010similarity\u2010based few\u2010shot learning method with analog memristors is designed. A regulation block in the embedding net is used as a hardware\u2013software co\u2010optimization unit to reduce the encoding lengths of the embedding vectors. Then, a lifelong memory adaptation method, termed the online prototype augmentation, is proposed for the first time to promote the accuracy of extremely low\u2010shot learning problems. Results show that the encoding bits are 4\u201332 times smaller than popular schemes. Using the Omniglot dataset, record accuracy (98.3% and 97.3% for the 5\u2010way 5\u2010shot and 5\u2010way 1\u2010shot problems, respectively) can be obtained for the few\u2010shot learning with memristive cosine similarities. In addition, the online prototype augmentation method leads to at least \u2248 2% improvement in accuracy for 1\u2010shot learning, which is outstanding compared to prior studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T22:38:32Z","timestamp":1674081512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Memristive Cosine\u2010Similarity\u2010Based Few\u2010Shot Learning with Lifelong Memory Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories  Wuhan 430205 China"},{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiancong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-8550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories  Wuhan 430205 China"},{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangshui","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories  Wuhan 430205 China"},{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan 430074 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7068349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2018.2842159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2018.2840738"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"J.Deng W.Dong R.Socher L.-J.Li K.Li L.Fei-Fei inProc. 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