{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:35:57Z","timestamp":1759883757715,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Laser energy is commonly used in tissue ablation, wound suturing, and other precise manipulations during surgery. However, currently available laser scanners require further improvements in terms of miniaturization, driving voltage, and stability to steer the laser beam accurately within a constrained environment. Herein, the development of a liquid\u2010driven laser scanner installed on the end effector of a continuum endoscope to perform fast and reliable laser steering is proposed. The developed laser scanner is 7\u2009mm in diameter and 7\u2009mm in length, and it is actuated with a voltage lower than 15\u2009V due to the liquid\u2010infused membrane. The miniature size and low driving voltage of the proposed laser scanner facilitate safe laser\u2010assisted surgery in confined spaces. A theoretical model is established to predict laser spot position quantitatively, and laser steering ability is also tested experimentally. The fiber\u2010delivered laser beam can be steered for 21.2\u00b0 (\u00b110.6\u00b0) with a standard deviation of 0.3\u00b0 in 1000 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. A laser steering speed of up to 27.3\u2009mm\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and a reflection loss of less than 3.1% are achieved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T06:59:28Z","timestamp":1665298768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design of a Liquid\u2010Driven Laser Scanner with Low Voltage Based on Liquid\u2010Infused Membrane"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chunqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Hangjie","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Liushuai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3945-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 999077 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi5041219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v38.i1.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502011000200010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.761350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2969186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2019.2896248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abg5575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd5476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106700"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.004404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3660578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00319J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OSAC.430925"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.414236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la7017743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.04.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"J.Chang D.Choi X.You J. 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