{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:08:30Z","timestamp":1780564110276,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61973003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61973003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61603002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61603002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61903269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61903269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20190941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M681517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Untethered synthetic microrobots have significant potential to revolutionize biomedical interventions therapy in the future. However, the relatively slow speed of microrobots and viscosity biofluid environments are some of barriers standing in the way of microrobots\u2019 biomedical applications. Herein, inspired by high\u2010speed biological escape propulsion, NIR\u2010driven microrobots with a high\u2010speed, unidirectional propulsion in the high\u2010viscosity liquid are proposed. The bubble's growth and ejection cause the proposed 3D\u2010printed microrobot to propel forward. The 3D\u2010printed claw\u2010like microrobot achieves motion average speed of 1.4\u2009mm\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (three\u2010body length (bl)\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) when driven by NIR light in a pure glycerol viscous (945\u2009mPa\u2009s, 25\u2009\u00b0C) environment, which has a viscosity that is more than 200 times the viscosity of blood and of 54\u2009mm\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (120\u2009bl\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) when driven by NIR light in deionized (DI) water. This work provides more ideas for the design and propulsion of light\u2010driven microrobots in a high\u2010viscosity vivo environment, which may broaden the applications of microrobots in the biomedical field, such as propulsion and navigation in confined and hard\u2010to\u2010reach body location areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:12:16Z","timestamp":1674087136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High\u2010Speed NIR\u2010Driven Untethered 3D\u2010Printed Hydrogel Microrobots in High\u2010Viscosity Liquids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dastroenterology Department at the Second Affiliated Hospital Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuzhou","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology  Suzhou 215009 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Measurement and Testing  Dalian 116033 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runhuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province College and Hospital of Stomatology Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Anhui Medical University  Hefei 230032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3884-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Mucosal Immunology, Two-Volume Set","author":"Cone R. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm5126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908283"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b02518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja047697z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00078g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201601846"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00575H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja210874s"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201301643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201203822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501568e"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201402237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NR00566E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja107644x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201201902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301312z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501407r"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202100055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21322-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0323-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202100055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat4388"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903438106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404044d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2965912"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn502360t"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau1532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364909341658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd2971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/5\/055005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/1\/016016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"202100687","volume":"7","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c01671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam8638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar7650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb4696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb4696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b16861"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC01167A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB01094B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-019-2532-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am4025559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00258-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"188","volume":"5","author":"Mustafa F. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar7650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abm1421"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"1420","volume":"15","author":"Orbuch D. E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-016-0008"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202200311","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1759871573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202200311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202200311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202200311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2200311"}}