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Vertex coloring, a nondeterministic polynomial time (NP\u2010hard) combinatorial optimization problem, is one such problem. Herein, an experimental demonstration of using cardiac cell\u2010based bio\u2010oscillator network coupling dynamics to solve a vertex coloring problem in various scales of graphs using a simple cell patterning method to construct scalable and controlled cardiac cell networks is presented. Although there are limitations to using these cardiac cells as oscillators, such as their low frequency compared to complementary metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (CMOS) oscillators, that result in longer processing times, the accuracy in large graph instances, the significantly less amount of energy consumption, and the ease of fabrication and potential to extend this system to massively parallel 3D structures make the bio\u2010oscillators a promising new platform for collective computing applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T06:49:22Z","timestamp":1677480562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Large\u2010Scale Cardiac Muscle Cell\u2010Based Coupled Oscillator Network for Vertex Coloring Problem"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Khairul","family":"Bashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville VA 22904 USA"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville VA 22904 USA"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar","family":"Zorlutuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5120412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"A Survey of Neuromorphic Computing and Neural Networks in Hardware","author":"Schuman C. 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