{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:45:53Z","timestamp":1780523153818,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007156","name":"Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ITS\/156\/20FP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITS\/156\/20FP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>High\u2010performance artificial muscle is always the pursuit of researchers for robotics. Herein, a bionic artificial muscle is reported called \u201cExoMuscle\u201d mimicking the sarcomere in skeletal muscle with a bio\u2010inspired structure to contract \u201cmyofilaments\u201d enabling the artificial muscle to mimic the architecture of muscle such as parallel, fusiform, convergent, and pennation and beyond the performance of skeletal muscle. The reported actuators excel in various aspects compared with skeletal muscle including actuation stress (0.41\u20130.9\u2009MPa), strain (50%), optimal length, velocity\u2010independence output, power density (10.94\u2009kW\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and efficiency (69.11%). With its own adjustable pennation architecture, it achieves variable actuation stress up to 0.9\u2009MPa meanwhile maintaining high efficiency. Furthermore, ExoMuscle highly conforms to the anatomical complexity of the human body to cooperate with skeletal muscles closely opening the door for bio\u2010robotics, especially wearable robots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1678954220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fluid\u2010Driven High\u2010Performance Bionic Artificial Muscle with Adjustable Muscle Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Disheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design Hong Kong Science Park  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fashion and Textiles The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education Department of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University  Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"},{"name":"Department of Surgery The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond Kai\u2010yu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"I.Hunter S.Lafontaine inTechnical Digest IEEE Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop IEEE Hilton Head Island SC 1992 pp.178\u2013185 ISBN 978-0-7803-0456-7."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201600055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-019-00142-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3057286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713450114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40648-016-0061-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2014.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2020.3023969"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2019.2961300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.Daerden D.Lefeber B.Verrelst R.Van Ham in2001 IEEE\/ASME Int. Conf. Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556) Vol.2 IEEE Como Italy2001 pp.738\u2013743.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2001.936758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/6\/065004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2012.689722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ac3adf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar3276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf8080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay3493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aad8d4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-019-0031-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/9\/1\/016007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-021-00148-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/173971a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90261-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027836402320556331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/8\/2\/026002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(97)00025-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Skeletal Muscle Structure, Function, and Plasticity: The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation","author":"Lieber R. L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199205000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.114.1.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69471-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(80)85126-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.3.867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0909-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.675056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00023.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709212105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","volume-title":"Biomechanics of Movement: The Science of Sports, Robotics, and Rehabilitation","author":"Uchida T. K.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60360-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55911-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025493"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. T.Belter A. M.Dollar in2013 IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR) IEEE Seattle WA2013 pp.1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2013.6650441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.Kamikawa T.Maeno in2008 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intelligent Robots and Systems IEEE Piscataway NJ2008 pp.717\u2013722.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2008.4650628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Xu H.Liu Z.Liu Y.Du X.Zhu in2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation (ICRA) IEEE Seattle WA2015 pp.6457\u20136462.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2019.0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3148909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2641932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00659-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. M.Thalman T.Hertzell H.Lee in2020 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) IEEE New Haven CT2020 pp.801\u2013807.","DOI":"10.1109\/RoboSoft48309.2020.9116050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.009241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd5383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/6\/065014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","volume-title":"Mathematical Models of Hysteresis and their Applications","author":"Mayergoyz I. D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","volume-title":"Modeling and Precision Control of Systems with Hysteresis","author":"Liu L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4173\/mic.2015.3.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Rakotondrabe in2012 American Control Conference (ACC) IEEE Montreal QC2012 pp.1646\u20131651.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2012.6314620"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/10\/105029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","unstructured":"Festo inc. dmsp-series (mckibben muscle) models dmsp-10-100n https:\/\/www.festo.com.cn\/media\/pim\/002\/D15000100152002.PDF(accessed: July 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"S.-H.Park J.Yi D.Kim Y.Lee H. S.Koo Y.-L.Park in2019 2nd IEEE Int. Conf. Soft Robotics (RoboSoft) IEEE Seoul Korea (South)2019 pp.636\u2013641."}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200370","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/aisy.202200370","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202200370","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T21:30:32Z","timestamp":1759872632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202200370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202200370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202200370","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2200370"}}