{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:39:57Z","timestamp":1778081997159,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-06348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-06348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Vast amounts of data are generated by sensors that are used to monitor people, animals, plants, machines, structures, and the environment. Increasingly, this data is used to create relevant context based on sophisticated pattern recognition algorithms trained using past labeled data. However, most of these sensor systems are severely constrained regarding their communication and computation capabilities due to limitations on available energy, size, or location. New computational approaches are needed to overcome the limitations of existing digital processors in contextual processing. This article discusses the development of the first such computer that is entirely made based on common 3D\u2010printing materials and techniques. It is demonstrated that a simple structure printed with regular 3D printers can be driven and used with common measurement tools to perform sophisticated contextual computations, including standard benchmarks and a demonstration of user activity detection from sensor data. The correlation between memory capacity, nonlinearity, and sampling rates with this computer is examined. The 3D\u2010printed structure may be used as a stand\u2010alone computer to detect patterns in general data streams. Moreover, the computer can be integrated with the sensorized 3D\u2010printed structures, leading to the development of cognizant 3D\u2010printed systems comprising sensors and contextual processors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T08:54:00Z","timestamp":1682758440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 3D\u2010Printed Computer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Vahideh","family":"Shirmohammadli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences Simon Fraser University  MSE 4176, 250-13450 102nd Ave Surrey BC V3T 0A3 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behraad","family":"Bahreyni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences Simon Fraser University  MSE 4176, 250-13450 102nd Ave Surrey BC V3T 0A3 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/sil.538961.39088011475779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1677-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-00501-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2020.2978467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0313-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0318-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0291-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08123-6_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Dale S.Stepney J. 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