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The loss or change of light intensities inside a waveguide can be measured and converted into useful sensing feedback such as strain or shape sensing. Compared to other approaches such as those based on microelectromechanical system modules or flexible conductors, the entire sensor state can be characterized by fewer sensing nodes and less encumbering wiring, allowing greater scalability. Herein, simple light\u2010emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors (PDs) combined with an intelligent shape decoding framework are utilized to enable 3D shape sensing of a self\u2010contained flexible substrate. Multiphysics finite element analysis is leveraged to optimize the PDs\/LEDs layout and enrich ground\u2010truth data from sparse to dense points for model training. The mapping from light intensities to overall sensor shape is achieved with an autoregression\u2010based model that considers temporal continuity and spatial locality. The sensing framework is evaluated on an A5\u2010sized flexible sensor prototype and a fish\u2010shaped prototype, where sensing accuracy (RMSE\u2009=\u20090.27\u2009mm) and repeatability (\u0394 light intensity &lt;0.31% over 1000 cycles) are tested underwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:56:50Z","timestamp":1689904610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intelligent Shape Decoding of a Soft Optical Waveguide Sensor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chi-Hin","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong 999077 P. R. 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