{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:04:01Z","timestamp":1759968241037,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Analog electronic and photonic crossbar arrays have been emerging as energy\u2010efficient hardware implementations to accelerate computationally intensive general matrix\u2013vector and matrix\u2013matrix multiplications in machine learning (ML) algorithms. However, the inevitable nonuniformity in large\u2010scale electronic and optoelectronic devices and systems prevents scalable deployment. Herein, a calibration approach is reported that enables accurate calculations in crossbar arrays despite hardware imperfections. This approach is experimentally validated in a small\u2010scale free\u2010space photonic crossbar array based on cascaded spatial light modulators and demonstrated the scalability and universality of this approach in various large\u2010scale electronic and photonic crossbar arrays. The improved performance of calibrated crossbar arrays in an ML model inference is further demonstrated to classify handwritten digital images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T23:00:32Z","timestamp":1690930832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Universal Approach for Calibrating Large\u2010Scale Electronic and Photonic Crossbar Arrays"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jichao","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Utah  Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA"}]},{"given":"Yingheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Utah  Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University  West Lafayette IN 47907 USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3139-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weilu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Utah  Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"volume-title":"Deep Learning","year":"2016","author":"Goodfellow I.","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0337-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1923-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03544-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2871057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0291-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0159-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23746149.2016.1259585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0054-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0180-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.001623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2764-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20719-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.401675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00796-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202100048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27774-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"C4","volume":"3","author":"Youngblood N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202005443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074-020-0001-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MH02033K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0078416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04223-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0436-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1135","volume":"1","author":"Han S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Proc. of the 28th Inte. Conf. on Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","unstructured":"Y.Li Master Thesis University of Massachusetts Amherst2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200381"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202300147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:15:44Z","timestamp":1759878944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202300147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202300147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202300147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2640-4567"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2640-4567"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2300147"}}