{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:54:57Z","timestamp":1769921697093,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JM-226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JM-226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the challenge of intelligent decision\u2010making for command\u2010and\u2010control systems in air defense combat operations. Current autonomous decision\u2010making systems suffer from limited rationality and insufficient intelligence during operation processes. Recent studies have proposed methods based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to address these issues. However, DRL methods typically face challenges related to weak interpretability, lack of convergence guarantees, and high\u2010computing power requirements. To address these issues, a novel technique for large\u2010scale air defense decision\u2010making by combining a DRL technique with game theory is discussed. The proposed method transforms the target assignment problem into a potential game that provides theoretical guarantees for Nash equilibrium (NE) from a distributed perspective. The air\u2010defense decision problem is decomposed into separate target selection and target assignment problems. A DRL method is used to solve the target selection problem, while the target assignment problem is translated into a target assignment optimization game. This game is proven to be an exact potential game with theoretical convergence guarantees for an NE. Having simulated the proposed decision\u2010making method using a digital battlefield environment, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T01:17:48Z","timestamp":1692407868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Deep Reinforcement Learning\u2010Based Air Defense Decision\u2010Making Using Potential Games"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minrui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air and Missile Defense Air Force Engineering University  No.1 Changle East Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710051 China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air and Missile Defense Air Force Engineering University  No.1 Changle East Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710051 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air and Missile Defense Air Force Engineering University  No.1 Changle East Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710051 China"}]},{"given":"Xiangke","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air and Missile Defense Air Force Engineering University  No.1 Changle East Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710051 China"}]},{"given":"Tengda","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air and Missile Defense Air Force Engineering University  No.1 Changle East Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710051 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/714701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-020-03856-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10193486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02353-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","first-page":"100","volume":"35","author":"Zhou W. 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