{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:22:09Z","timestamp":1772644929293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor positioning system (IPS) technologies have widespread applications in logistics, intelligent manufacturing, healthcare monitoring, etc. The recently released Bluetooth low\u2010energy (BLE) 5.1 specification enables in\u2010phase and quadrature\u2010phase (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>) data measurements. It allows angle of arrival estimation and becomes a natural choice for IPS implementation. Conventional BLE 5.1 IPSs use multiple anchors to provide massive redundancy to improve system robustness. It however demands effective approaches to leverage redundancy. Besides, interference due to various environmental factors can introduce severe errors to <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> data and affect positioning accuracy. Facing these challenges, herein, a novel deep learning\u2010based multianchor BLE 5.1 IPS is proposed. The system aggregates measurements from multiple anchors and makes them available at regular time steps. Then, a novel attentional filtering network tailored to infer high\u2010quality <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> sample data is developed and a spatial regularization loss incorporating spatial location relationships to strengthen the feature embedding discrimination is proposed. Two multianchor BLE 5.1 <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> sample datasets are developed and released for public download. Numerical experiments are carried out to compare the proposed method with previous BLE 5.1 IPS methods and methods utilizing other radio frequency data. Results indicate that the proposed method consistently achieves submeter accuracy and significantly outperforms the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T03:21:50Z","timestamp":1700191310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deep Learning\u2010Based Bluetooth Low\u2010Energy 5.1 Multianchor Indoor Positioning with Attentional Data Filtering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0616-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Tom Tak-Lam","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Theo Yik-Tung","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Pin (HK) Limited  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Pak-Kong","family":"Lun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety  Hong Kong 999077 China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong 999077 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app8071062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.070318"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"763","volume":"66","author":"Wang X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Bluetooth Direction Finding, A Technical Overview","author":"Woolley M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Cominelli P.Patras F.Gringoli inProc. of the 13th Int. Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds Experimental Evaluation & Characterization (WiNTECH '19) Association for Computing Machinery New York NY United States2019 pp.13\u201320.","DOI":"10.1145\/3349623.3355475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Babakhani T.Merk M.Mahlig I.Sarris D.Kalogiros P.Karlsson in2021 Int. Conf. on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN51156.2021.9662611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Z.HajiAkhondi-Meybodi M.Salimibeni A.Mohammadi K. N.Plataniotis inICASSP 2021\u20132021 IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.7913\u20137917."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"S.He H.Long W.Zhang in2021 7th Int. Conf. on Computer and Communications (ICCC) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.2160\u20132164."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.-Y.Yen Z.-T.Tsai Y.-C.Chen L.-H.Shen C.-J.Chiu K.-T.Feng inIEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC2021-Spring) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448850"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Hajiakhondi-Meybodi M.Salimibeni K. N.Plataniotis A.Mohammadi in2020 IEEE 23rd Int. Conf. on Information Fusion (FUSION) IEEE Piscataway NJ2020 pp.1\u20136.","DOI":"10.23919\/FUSION45008.2020.9190573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.2983544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3109789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. A.Toasa L.Tello-Oquendo C. R.Pe\u0144afiel-Ojeda G.Cuzco in2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conf. (CCNC) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC49032.2021.9369638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3141739"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Bahl V. N.Padmanabhan inProc. IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conf. on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conf. of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No. 0\u00b0CH37064) Vol.2 IEEE Piscataway NJ2000 pp.775\u2013784.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2000.832252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"6845","volume":"34","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2910664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3196748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Tang L.Yang J.Zhao Y.Qiu Y.Deng S.Shen inIEEE Int. Conf. on Electronic Technology Communication and Information (ICETCI) IEEE Piscataway NJ2021 pp.140\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETCI53161.2021.9563444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Ishida Y.Takashima S.Tagashira A.Fukuda in5th IIAI Int. Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI) IEEE Piscataway NJ2016 pp.230\u2013233.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIAI-AAI.2016.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(96)00034-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"M.Ilse J.Tomczak M.Welling inInt. Conf. on Machine Learning PMLR 2018 pp.2127\u20132136 https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3087662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"B.Xu N.Wang T.Chen M.Li Empirical Evaluation of Rectified Activations in Convolutional Network arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.00853 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Monfared T.-H.Nguyen L.Petrillo P.De Doncker F.Horlin inIEEE 29th Annual Int. Symp. on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications IEEE Piscataway NJ2018 pp.856\u2013859.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2018.8580796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"1000208","volume":"71","author":"Yang X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153282"}],"container-title":["Advanced Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/aisy.202300292","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T23:11:46Z","timestamp":1759878706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aisy.202300292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/aisy.202300292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aisy.202300292","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2640-4567","2640-4567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2640-4567","type":"print"},{"value":"2640-4567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2300292"}}