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Despite most pneumatic artificial muscles surpassing the power and contraction performance of natural muscles, natural muscles largely remain unmatched in terms of their versatility and complex performance. This is likely due to artificial muscle's low effective strain and high radial expansion, limiting parallel operating efficiencies. To address these challenges, a class of compact versatile pneumatic actuators, called multilayer artificial muscle (MAM), that are capable of deployment to different applications through configurable modularity, is presented. The MAMs are biomimetically inspired by the sarcomere, the building block for natural muscle architecture. Similarly, MAM can extend and contract as well as be rearranged to mimic muscle\u2010like actions and functions, such as a caterpillar locomotion robot and an entire robotic arm. The MAMs are fabricated through multilayer, multimaterial, low\u2010cost additive manufacturing, which offers certain advantages such as higher extension, contraction force, and durability. MAMs have the potential to provide a crucial fundamental building block toward future versatile reconfigurable architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T22:24:40Z","timestamp":1695594280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sarcomere\u2010Inspired Multilayer Artificial Muscle Units for Hyperconfigurable Robotic Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8710-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan William","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution Innovation Laboratory Advance Robotics Centre  Singapore 117608"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore 117583"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavril Yong En","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore 117583"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Zhang Rong","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore 117583"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan Sin You","family":"Cheah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Polytechnic  Singapore 569830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution Innovation Laboratory Advance Robotics Centre  Singapore 117608"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore 117583"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Hua","family":"Yeow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution Innovation Laboratory Advance Robotics Centre  Singapore 117608"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore  Singapore 117583"},{"name":"Computer Science &amp; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Cambridge, MA 02139 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abd5383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abn4155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.04.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815053116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01220-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar3276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Labazanova Z.Wu Z.Gu D.Navarro-Alarcon in2021 20th Int. 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