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Its treatment options include physiotherapy, medication, mechanical heart support, heart surgery, or heart transplantation. Ventricular assist devices have direct blood contact while passive ventricular constraint devices have only modest therapeutic efficacy. Current direct cardiac compression devices are either bulky, require noisy driving pneumatic sources, or are unable to mimic the natural heart motion. This study introduces a robotic cardiac compression device made of soft artificial muscle filaments that can simultaneously produce radial, axial, and torsional movements, potentially augmenting the pumping function of a failing heart. An empirical model is developed to describe the device motion and an artificial pericardium is employed to enable uniform force distribution to the heart and real\u2010time pressure sensing. The proposed device could deliver a stroke volume of 70\u2009mL at 15 beats per minute, or a cardiac output of 1.05\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and achieve a peak instantaneous flow rate of 2.8\u2009L\u2009min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and an output pressure of 50\u2009mmHg. The new devices are highly customizable and experimentally validated with fresh porcine heart. They are expected to inspire future development of nonblood\u2010contacting cardiac assist devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T21:40:23Z","timestamp":1699825223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Robotic Cardiac Compression Device Using Artificial Muscle Filaments for the Treatment of Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Phuoc Thien","family":"Phan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trung Thien","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai Thanh","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"},{"name":"College of Engineering and Computer Science Vin University  Hanoi 12400 Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Cong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kefan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibhu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW)  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology St Vincent's Hospital  Sydney NSW 2010 Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine UNSW  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoang-Phuong","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"},{"name":"Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE) UNSW  Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel. 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