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Patients with positive cytology require neoadjuvant chemotherapy instead of instant resection, and conversion to negative cytology results in improved survival. However, pathologists\u2019 or artificial intelligence's accuracy of cytological diagnosis is disturbed by manually produced, unstandardized slides. In addition, the elaborate infrastructure makes cytology accessible to a limited number of medical institutes. This work develops CellGAN, a deep learning method that enables label\u2010free virtual peritoneal lavage cytology by producing virtual hematoxylin\u2013eosin\u2010stained images with single\u2010color stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. A structural similarity loss is introduced to overcome the challenge of unsupervised virtual pathology techniques that cannot accurately present cellular structures. This method achieves a structural similarity of 0.820\u2009\u00b1\u20090.041 and a nucleus area consistency of 0.698\u2009\u00b1\u20090.102, indicating the staining fidelity outperforms the state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art method. Diagnosis using virtually stained cells reaches 93.8% accuracy and substantial consistency with conventional staining. Single\u2010cell detection and classification on virtual slides achieve a mean average precision of 0.924 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.906, respectively. Collectively, this method achieves standardized and accurate virtual peritoneal lavage cytology and holds great potential for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T04:29:03Z","timestamp":1711340943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Label\u2010Free Virtual Peritoneal Lavage Cytology via Deep\u2010Learning\u2010Assisted Single\u2010Color Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3889-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tinghe","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education) Institute of Medical Photonics Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering 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Pathology Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute  Beijing 100142 China"}]},{"given":"Zhongwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute  Beijing 100142 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiafu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Center Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute  Beijing 100142 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubo","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education) Institute of Medical Photonics Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University  Beijing 100191 China"},{"name":"School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University  Beijing 100191 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) Department of Pathology Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute  Beijing 100142 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Ministry of Education) Institute of Medical Photonics Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University  Beijing 100191 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