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Bellow\u2010like pneumatic artificial muscles can produce biological muscle\u2010like contraction with comparable response time and force output, but closed\u2010loop control has been a challenge without an effective length sensing solution. Herein, a self\u2010sensing artificial muscle (SSAM), which can sense its own length regardless of the external loadings and driving pressures, is proposed. Empowered by a seamlessly integrated mutual\u2010inductance\u2010based length sensor (MILS), the SSAM can sense its length change as small as 0.01\u2009mm (0.012% of the initial liength 80 mm) in a wide range. The working principle of the MILS is analyzed theoretically to provide a design guideline. An SSAM\u2010based earthworm\u2010like locomotion robot is developed with the capability of knowing its real\u2010time body length change at different gaits. An artificial arm driven by one SSAM is also developed and demonstrated with humanlike capabilities of loading perception, interactive and responsive movements, and accurate positioning. This work provides a promising solution to develop muscle\u2010driven hybrid robotic systems with embodied intelligence for skilled manipulation and sophisticated human\u2013machine interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T03:11:14Z","timestamp":1728875474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Self\u2010Sensing Artificial\u2010Muscle\u2010Empowered Humanlike Perception, Interaction, and Positioning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei 230026 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